Question

При включении электролитического конденсатора в цепь была нарушена полярность, указанная в его маркировке. Пояснить причину потери емкостных свойств конденсатора, происшедшей в результате этого нарушения

Answer 1

Там внутри электролит.... при неверной полярности начинается реакция разложения с выделением газов... и тот конденсатор взрывается за считанные секунды\минуты....

Answer 2

Loss of Capacitance in an Electrolytic Capacitor due to Reversed Polarity

When an electrolytic capacitor is connected to a circuit with the polarity reversed, it can lead to a loss of capacitance and potentially damage the capacitor. The polarity of an electrolytic capacitor is indicated by markings on its body, typically with a positive (+) and negative (-) sign. Reversing the polarity means connecting the positive terminal to the negative side of the circuit and vice versa.

The loss of capacitance occurs because the electrolyte inside the capacitor is designed to work with a specific polarity. When the polarity is reversed, the electrolyte can undergo chemical reactions that degrade its properties and reduce the capacitance of the capacitor. This can result in a decrease in the overall performance of the capacitor and its ability to store and release electrical energy.

The specific reasons for the loss of capacitance in an electrolytic capacitor due to reversed polarity can be attributed to several factors:

1. Electrolyte breakdown: The electrolyte inside the capacitor can break down when subjected to reversed polarity, leading to the formation of gas bubbles and the degradation of the electrolyte's properties. This breakdown can result in a decrease in the effective surface area of the capacitor's electrodes, reducing its capacitance.

2. Formation of a dielectric layer: When the polarity is reversed, an unintended dielectric layer can form on the electrodes of the capacitor. This layer can act as an insulator, preventing the flow of current and reducing the effective capacitance.

3. Electrode damage: Reversed polarity can cause damage to the electrodes of the capacitor, leading to a decrease in their surface area and affecting the overall capacitance.

It is important to note that the extent of the loss of capacitance and potential damage to the capacitor depends on various factors, including the duration of the reversed polarity connection and the voltage applied. In some cases, the capacitor may become permanently damaged and need to be replaced.

To avoid the loss of capacitance and potential damage to electrolytic capacitors, it is crucial to ensure that the polarity indicated in the capacitor's markings is correctly followed during installation. Double-checking the polarity before connecting the capacitor to the circuit can help prevent any issues.

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