Question

структура и работа батарейки, и аккумулятора

Answer 1

батарейка содержит химические элементы, при взаимодействии которых выделяется энергия. + 2 электрода (-анод и +катод). 2 реагента разделены между собой перегородкой, не дающей смешиваться, но пропускающей жидкость-элетролит. при замыкании цепи элекроны идут от анода к катоду => возникает эл. ток.

Аккумуляторы так же работают на элктрохимических реакциях (свинец и диоксид свинца в кислотной среде). они взаимодействуюд до образования сульфата. т.е при разряке в катоде(+) восстанавливается (присоединяет электроны) и окисление (отдача электронов) свинца в аноде(-). при зарядке ток проходит в обратном направлении и как-бы "возвращает" элетроны в анод(-) => аккумулятор заряжается

Answer 2

Structure and Function of Batteries and Accumulators

Batteries and accumulators are devices that store and provide electrical energy. They are commonly used in various electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles. Let's explore their structure and how they work.

Structure of Batteries: Batteries consist of one or more electrochemical cells, which are connected in series or parallel to increase the voltage or capacity, respectively. Each cell consists of three main components:

1. Anode: The anode is the negative electrode of the cell and is typically made of a metal or alloy that can release electrons during the electrochemical reaction.

2. Cathode: The cathode is the positive electrode of the cell and is usually made of a metal oxide or another compound that can accept electrons during the electrochemical reaction.

3. Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a medium that allows the flow of ions between the anode and cathode. It can be a liquid, gel, or solid material containing ions that facilitate the electrochemical reactions.

Working Principle of Batteries: When a battery is connected to a circuit, a chemical reaction occurs within the cell. This reaction involves the transfer of electrons from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit, while ions move through the electrolyte to balance the charge. This flow of electrons creates an electric current that can power electronic devices.

During discharge, the anode undergoes oxidation, releasing electrons into the external circuit. At the same time, the cathode undergoes reduction, accepting electrons and ions from the electrolyte. This electrochemical reaction continues until the reactants are consumed or the voltage drops below a certain threshold.

Structure of Accumulators: Accumulators, also known as rechargeable batteries, have a similar structure to regular batteries. However, they are designed to be recharged multiple times by reversing the electrochemical reactions that occur during discharge. This is achieved through an external power source, such as a charger.

Accumulators often use different materials for the anode and cathode compared to regular batteries. Common types of rechargeable batteries include lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel-cadmium (NiCd), and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries.

Working Principle of Accumulators: During charging, an external power source applies a higher voltage to the battery, causing the electrochemical reactions to reverse. This process drives electrons back to the anode and ions back to the cathode, effectively storing electrical energy in the battery.

When the accumulator is discharged, the stored energy is released as the electrochemical reactions occur in the opposite direction. The anode undergoes oxidation, releasing electrons, while the cathode undergoes reduction, accepting electrons and ions.

It's important to note that the charging and discharging processes in accumulators are not 100% efficient, resulting in some energy loss as heat. Additionally, the number of charge-discharge cycles an accumulator can undergo before its capacity significantly decreases varies depending on the battery chemistry.

Overall, batteries and accumulators play a crucial role in powering our electronic devices, providing a portable and convenient source of electrical energy.