Question

Строение атома и ядра....................................................................

Answer 1

Structure of an Atom

The structure of an atom consists of a nucleus at the center, which is surrounded by electrons in energy levels or shells. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, while the electrons orbit around the nucleus in specific energy levels.

Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They have a relative mass of 1 and a charge of +1. The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which defines the element.

Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They have a relative mass of 1 and no charge. The number of neutrons can vary within the same element, resulting in different isotopes.

Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus in energy levels or shells. They have a negligible mass compared to protons and neutrons. The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons, ensuring overall electrical neutrality.

The arrangement of electrons in energy levels follows the Aufbau principle, which states that electrons occupy the lowest energy level available before moving to higher energy levels. The first energy level can hold up to 2 electrons, the second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons, and so on.

Atomic Nucleus

The atomic nucleus is the central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons. It is extremely dense and positively charged due to the presence of protons. The nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear force, which overcomes the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons.

The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number of an element, while the total number of protons and neutrons determines the atomic mass. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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