Question

Почему электрический ток считается направленным против дрейфа электронов

Answer 1

Ответ: Электрический ток в металлах – это упорядоченное движение электронов под действием электрического поля. Опыты показывают, что при протекании тока по металлическому проводнику переноса вещества не происходит, следовательно, ионы металла не принимают участия в переносе электрического заряда.

Answer 2

The Direction of Electric Current and Electron Drift

Electric current is the flow of electric charge in a conductor. In most conductors, such as metals, the charge carriers are electrons. However, the direction of electric current is considered to be opposite to the direction of electron drift. This convention was established before the discovery of the electron and is based on the flow of positive charge.

When a voltage is applied across a conductor, such as a wire, the electrons within the conductor experience an electric field. This electric field exerts a force on the electrons, causing them to move. However, the electrons do not move in a straight line from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of the voltage source. Instead, they move in a zigzag pattern due to collisions with other electrons and atoms in the conductor.

The overall motion of the electrons is known as electron drift. The drift velocity of electrons is relatively slow, typically on the order of millimeters per second. However, the electric field propagates through the conductor at nearly the speed of light.

To simplify the analysis of electric circuits, a convention was established to consider the direction of electric current as opposite to the direction of electron drift. This convention allows for consistent analysis and calculations in circuit theory.

It's important to note that this convention does not affect the actual behavior of electrons in a conductor. Electrons still move from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a voltage source. The convention of considering electric current as opposite to electron drift is simply a matter of convention and mathematical convenience.