Question

Как и когда появился знак плюс и минус умножение и деление ? мне очень надо !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! даю 20 Б ПЖ

Answer 1

Первое употребление слов plus(+) и minus (-) как обозначения действия сложения  было найдено историком математики Энестремом в итальянской алгебре четырнадцатого века. Вначале действия сложения и вычитания обозначали первыми буквами слов "p" и "m". Современные знаки появилисть в Германии в последнее десятилетие 15 века в книге Видмана которая была руководством по счету для купцов. 

Answer 2

Origin of Mathematical Symbols

The origin of mathematical symbols such as plus, minus, multiplication, and division can be traced back to different historical and cultural developments.

Plus and Minus Symbols: The plus and minus signs originated in the 15th century. The plus sign (+) is derived from the Latin word "et" meaning "and," and the minus sign (-) is an altered form of the letter "m" for "minus" or "less."

Multiplication and Division Symbols: The multiplication symbol (×) is believed to have originated from the letter "x" used to represent an unknown in algebraic equations. The division symbol (÷) is derived from a horizontal line with dots above and below, indicating division.

Historical Development: These symbols evolved over time as mathematical notation became standardized and widely adopted. They are now fundamental to mathematical communication and calculations.

Evolution of Mathematical Notation

The development of mathematical notation has been influenced by various cultures and historical periods. Different civilizations contributed to the evolution of mathematical symbols and notation.

Greek Influence: The Greeks made significant contributions to mathematical notation, including the use of letters to represent unknowns and variables. For instance, the use of the letter "π" to represent the mathematical constant pi.

Arabic Numerals: The introduction of Arabic numerals to Europe during the Middle Ages revolutionized mathematical notation. These numerals, including the digits 0-9, replaced Roman numerals and greatly simplified mathematical calculations.

Renaissance and Standardization: During the Renaissance, mathematicians and scholars worked to standardize mathematical notation, leading to the widespread adoption of symbols and conventions that are still used today.

Modern Mathematical Notation: The development of modern mathematical notation has been shaped by contributions from various cultures and historical periods, resulting in a rich and diverse set of symbols and conventions.