Question

22. Британські митці Джон Констебль і Джозеф Вільям Тернер завоювали Визнанняа)моралістів б) романтистів в)пейзажистів​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Англия, совершившая в начале XIX в. промышленный переворот, в искусстве сохраняла

приверженность романтизму. Некоторые его тенденции проявились в направлении, именуемом

предромантизмом. Основные эстетические принципы романтизма «в искусстве сосредоточен

синтез важнейших сторон жизни — прекрасного, истины, морали, в нем осуществляется единение

человечества, природы и мирового духа, а основу искусства составляет воображение».

Некоторые крупные мастера Английской живописи:

Джон Констебл (1776—1837), представитель английского реалистического пейзажа.

Отказавшись от условностей, свойственных пейзажной живописи XVIII в., Констебл обратился к

непосредственному наблюдению природы и первым в истории европейского пейзажа стал писать

пейзажи полностью с натуры.

Свои картины, простые по мотивам, естественные и величественные по композиции,

полные ощущения гармоничного единства и материальности природы, он создавал на основе

исполненных на открытом воздухе этюдов, смелыми беспокойными мазками воссоздавая свежесть

и живую динамику красок, градации света, состояние световоздушной среды ("Мельница в

Флэтфорде", 1817, Галерея Тейт, Лондон; "Телега для сена", 1821, Национальная галерея, Лондон;

"Детхемская долина", 1828, Национальная галерея Шотландии, Эдинбург; "Вид на Хайгет с

Хэмпстедских холмов", около 1834, ГМИИ).

Демократическое по направленности, новаторское искусство Констебля, предвосхитившее

пленэрные искания европейской живописи второй половины XIX в., не получило признания в

Великобритании. Его работы были впервые оценены во Франции (где были выставлены во

Французском салоне 1824) и оказали влияние на сложение французского реалистического пейзажа

1830-40-х гг.

В своих картинах Констебл был противником академических норм, его работы были

независимыми, а трактовка рисования пейзажей – совершенно новой. Он постигал световые и

цветовые законы изображения и задолго до импрессионистов стремился выразить «первое

впечатление» от увиденного пейзажа.

Художник утверждал, что главное – наблюдать за природой. А лейтмотивом любого

пейзажа он считал небо. Также Констебл любил изображать одни и те же пейзажи в разных

погодных условиях, тонко передавая неповторимость и своеобразие каждого из них.

Стиль художника отличался рельефной фактурой. Констебл любил накладывать краску

густыми мазками, никогда тщательно не выписывал детали.

Джон Констебл пробовал себя и в портретной живописи, рисуя портреты на заказ. Но он делал это

исключительно, чтобы заработать на жизнь, поскольку написание портретов казалось ему

скучным. Своим истинным призванием Констебл всегда считал пейзажи.

Пошаговое объяснение:

Answer 2

#### British Artists John Constable and Joseph William Turner John Constable and Joseph William Turner were both prominent British artists who made significant contributions to the art world. They were active during the 18th and 19th centuries and are known for their distinct artistic styles and subject matters. #### John Constable John Constable was an English landscape painter who is often associated with the Romantic movement. He is best known for his detailed and realistic paintings of the English countryside. Constable's works often depicted rural scenes, including meadows, rivers, and clouds. His paintings were characterized by their attention to detail and the use of light and color to capture the natural beauty of the landscape. Constable's paintings were highly regarded by his contemporaries and later generations of artists. His works had a profound influence on the development of landscape painting in Britain and beyond. Constable's dedication to capturing the essence of nature and his ability to evoke emotions through his paintings earned him recognition as one of the greatest landscape painters of all time. #### Joseph William Turner Joseph William Turner, commonly known as J.M.W. Turner, was also an English landscape painter. He is considered one of the greatest Romantic painters and is known for his innovative use of light and color in his works. Turner's paintings often depicted dramatic and atmospheric scenes, including seascapes, storms, and sunsets. Turner's unique style and experimental techniques set him apart from his contemporaries. He was known for his loose brushwork, bold use of color, and his ability to capture the transient effects of light and weather. Turner's paintings were often characterized by their emotional intensity and their ability to evoke a sense of awe and wonder. #### Recognition and Influence Both John Constable and J.M.W. Turner achieved recognition and acclaim during their lifetimes. Their works were exhibited in prestigious galleries and received critical acclaim from art critics and the public. They were also influential in shaping the development of landscape painting and had a lasting impact on subsequent generations of artists. **a) Moralists**: While Constable and Turner were not primarily known as moralists, their works did reflect a certain moral sensibility. Constable's paintings, with their emphasis on the beauty and tranquility of nature, often conveyed a sense of harmony and serenity. Turner, on the other hand, explored themes of the sublime and the power of nature, which could be seen as having moral implications. **b) Romantics**: Both Constable and Turner are considered key figures in the Romantic movement in art. The Romantic movement emphasized individualism, emotion, and a connection with nature. Constable's focus on the English countryside and his ability to capture the changing moods of nature align with the Romantic ideals. Turner's dramatic and atmospheric paintings, with their emphasis on emotion and the sublime, also align with the Romantic aesthetic. **c) Landscape Painters**: Constable and Turner are widely recognized as two of the greatest landscape painters in art history. Their dedication to capturing the beauty and essence of the natural world revolutionized the genre of landscape painting. Their works continue to inspire and influence artists today. In conclusion, John Constable and J.M.W. Turner were British artists who achieved recognition and acclaim for their contributions to the art world. While Constable was known for his detailed and realistic depictions of the English countryside, Turner was known for his innovative use of light and color to capture dramatic and atmospheric scenes. Both artists played significant roles in the development of landscape painting and are considered key figures in the Romantic movement.