Question

Во всем цивилизованном мире мыла было практически единственным средством личной гигиены и унивирсальным моющим средством до середины 20века,когда появились первые синтетические моющие средства.Грязь удерживается на ткани тонким слоем ...(5букв),которые должны быть удалены.Мыла обладают моющими свойствами,поскольку способны эмульгировать жиры,т.е.переводить их в мельчайшие ...(8букв),которые смачиваются....(5букв).Эмульгирующие свойства моющих веществ связаны с наличием в их молекулах одновременно ...(12букв)(имеющих сродство к воде)и ...(11букв)(имеющих сродство к неполярной фазе,например ,к жирам)групп.Гидрофильными свойствами в мылах обладае фрагмент ...а ...(14букв)цепь является гидрофобной группой.При мытье загрязненной ткани молекулы ...(4 буквы)окружают капли ...(4буквы),так что гидрофобные группы оказываются "растворенными"в ...(4 буквы),а гидрофильные- в....(4 буквы ).Образуется мицелла,которая уносится с током воды.Поскольку поверхности всех мицелл заряжены ...(12букв),они не слипаются.Мыла обладают рядом недостатков. Во-первых ,они имеют плохую моющую способность в жесткой воде.Во-вторых ,все мыла частично гидролизуются с образованием свободной высшей кислоты и ...(6букв),которая оказывает вредное действие на многие ткани.Кроме того ,мыловаренная промышленность связана с расходованием огромного колличества ценных ...(7букв)продуктов. Поэтому в настоящее время вместо мыла все чеще применяют синтетические моющие средства.

Answer 1

Жира
Молекулы
? Водой
Гидрофильные
Гидрофобные
???
Воды
Жира
Отрицательно
Глицин
Жирных

Answer 2

History of Soap as a Cleansing Agent

Soap has been a widely used personal hygiene and universal cleaning agent for centuries. It was the primary means of personal hygiene and cleaning until the mid-20th century when synthetic detergents were introduced.

Cleansing Properties of Soap

Soap possesses cleansing properties because it has the ability to emulsify fats, which means it can break down fats into tiny droplets called micelles These micelles can then be easily washed away with water. The emulsifying properties of soap are due to the presence of hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) groups in the soap molecules.

The hydrophilic properties of soap molecules are associated with groups that have an affinity for water, while the hydrophobic properties are associated with groups that have an affinity for non-polar substances like fats This unique combination allows soap molecules to surround and solubilize dirt and grease, making them easier to remove during washing.

Formation of Micelles

When washing a soiled fabric, soap molecules surround the dirt particles, forming micelles. The hydrophobic tails of the soap molecules are dissolved in the non-polar dirt particles, while the hydrophilic heads remain in contact with the water This arrangement allows the micelles to carry away the dirt particles when rinsed with water.

Limitations of Soap

While soap has been a popular cleaning agent, it does have some limitations. Firstly, soap has poor cleaning ability in hard water due to the formation of insoluble calcium and magnesium salts, which reduce its effectiveness.

Secondly, soap undergoes partial hydrolysis during use, resulting in the formation of free fatty acids and glycerol These byproducts can have a harmful effect on certain fabrics and materials.

Additionally, the soap-making industry requires a significant amount of valuable raw materials, which can lead to resource depletion.

Synthetic Detergents as Alternatives

Due to the limitations of soap, synthetic detergents have become increasingly popular as alternatives. Synthetic detergents are specifically designed to overcome the issues faced by soap, such as poor performance in hard water and the formation of harmful byproducts.

Synthetic detergents are formulated using a variety of surfactants, which are compounds that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. These surfactants can be tailored to provide excellent cleaning performance in various water conditions and minimize any negative effects on fabrics and materials.

In summary, soap has been a widely used cleansing agent for personal hygiene and cleaning purposes. Its ability to emulsify fats and form micelles allows it to effectively remove dirt and grease. However, soap has limitations in hard water and can have negative effects on certain fabrics. Synthetic detergents have emerged as alternatives to overcome these limitations and provide superior cleaning performance.