Question

6. Используя данные таблицы, рассчитайте TFC, TVC, ATC, AVC, AFC и MC для каждого уровня производства. Объясните, как изменяются эти виды издержек с ростом объема производства и почему? Выпуск продукции, шт. (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Валовые издержки, руб. (TC) 100 150 190 220 260 310

Answer 1

Объяснение:

1) TFC – общие постоянные издержки ,  поэтому они неизменны при любом объеме производства .

В данном случае TFC = 100

2) АТС - средние общие издержки , с увеличением объема производства они уменьшаются , поскольку распределяются на общий объем ,определяются по формуле:

ATC = TC / Q

100:0=0

150:1=150

190:2=95

220 :3≈ 73

260:4 =65

310 :5= 62

3) AFC - средние постоянные издержки , с ростом объема производства уменьшаются , поскольку распределяются на общий объем , определяются по следующей формуле:

AFC = TFC / Q,

100:0=0

100:1=100

100:2=50

100:3≈33

100 :4= 25

100 :5= 20

4) TVC -  общие переменные издержки , в увеличением объема производства они увеличиваются , найти можно по формуле :  

TVC=TC-TFC

100-100=0

150-100=50

190-100=90

220-100=120

260-100=160

310-100=210

5) AVC – средние переменные издержки , при росте объема производства они не обязательно увеличиваются , определяются по формуле:

AVC = TVC / Q

0:0=0

50 :1=50

90 :2=45

120 :3=40

160 :4= 40

210 :5= 42

6) MC - предельные издержки,  это прирост общих издержек, связанный с выпуском дополнительной единицы продукта ,сначала они уменьшаются , а затем растут , вычисляются по формуле:

МС = ( TVC2 - TVC 1)  / ( Q2 - Q1)

(50-0)/(1-0)=50

(90-50)/(2-1)=40

(120-90)/(3-2)=30

(160-120)/(4-3)=40

(210-160)/(5-4)=50

Заполненная таблица во вложении

Answer 2

Calculation of Cost Components

To calculate the Total Fixed Cost (TFC), Total Variable Cost (TVC), Average Total Cost (ATC), Average Variable Cost (AVC), Average Fixed Cost (AFC), and Marginal Cost (MC) for each level of production, we can use the provided data table:

| Production Quantity (Q) | Total Cost (TC) | |------------------------|----------------| | 0 | 100 | | 1 | 150 | | 2 | 190 | | 3 | 220 | | 4 | 260 | | 5 | 310 |

To calculate the cost components, we need to understand their definitions:

1. Total Fixed Cost (TFC): The cost that remains constant regardless of the level of production. It includes expenses such as rent, salaries, and insurance.

2. Total Variable Cost (TVC): The cost that varies with the level of production. It includes expenses such as raw materials, direct labor, and utilities.

3. Average Total Cost (ATC): The total cost per unit of production. It is calculated by dividing the total cost (TC) by the production quantity (Q).

4. Average Variable Cost (AVC): The variable cost per unit of production. It is calculated by dividing the total variable cost (TVC) by the production quantity (Q).

5. Average Fixed Cost (AFC): The fixed cost per unit of production. It is calculated by subtracting the average variable cost (AVC) from the average total cost (ATC).

6. Marginal Cost (MC): The additional cost incurred by producing one additional unit of output. It is calculated by subtracting the total cost of the previous level of production from the total cost of the current level of production.

Let's calculate these cost components for each level of production:

1. For Q = 0: - TFC = 100 (given) - TVC = 0 (since there is no production) - ATC = TC / Q = 100 / 0 = undefined - AVC = TVC / Q = 0 / 0 = undefined - AFC = ATC - AVC = undefined - undefined = undefined - MC = undefined (since there is no change in production)

2. For Q = 1: - TFC = 100 (given) - TVC = TC - TFC = 150 - 100 = 50 - ATC = TC / Q = 150 / 1 = 150 - AVC = TVC / Q = 50 / 1 = 50 - AFC = ATC - AVC = 150 - 50 = 100 - MC = TC (Q = 1) - TC (Q = 0) = 150 - 100 = 50

3. For Q = 2: - TFC = 100 (given) - TVC = TC - TFC = 190 - 100 = 90 - ATC = TC / Q = 190 / 2 = 95 - AVC = TVC / Q = 90 / 2 = 45 - AFC = ATC - AVC = 95 - 45 = 50 - MC = TC (Q = 2) - TC (Q = 1) = 190 - 150 = 40

4. For Q = 3: - TFC = 100 (given) - TVC = TC - TFC = 220 - 100 = 120 - ATC = TC / Q = 220 / 3 = 73.33 - AVC = TVC / Q = 120 / 3 = 40 - AFC = ATC - AVC = 73.33 - 40 = 33.33 - MC = TC (Q = 3) - TC (Q = 2) = 220 - 190 = 30

5. For Q = 4: - TFC = 100 (given) - TVC = TC - TFC = 260 - 100 = 160 - ATC = TC / Q = 260 / 4 = 65 - AVC = TVC / Q = 160 / 4 = 40 - AFC = ATC - AVC = 65 - 40 = 25 - MC = TC (Q = 4) - TC (Q = 3) = 260 - 220 = 40

6. For Q = 5: - TFC = 100 (given) - TVC = TC - TFC = 310 - 100 = 210 - ATC = TC / Q = 310 / 5 = 62 - AVC = TVC / Q = 210 / 5 = 42 - AFC = ATC - AVC = 62 - 42 = 20 - MC = TC (Q = 5) - TC (Q = 4) = 310 - 260 = 50

Changes in Cost Components with Production Volume

As the production volume increases, the cost components change in the following ways:

1. Total Fixed Cost (TFC): TFC remains constant regardless of the level of production. In this case, TFC is 100 for all levels of production.

2. Total Variable Cost (TVC): TVC increases with the increase in production volume. This is because variable costs, such as raw materials and direct labor, increase as more units are produced.

3. Average Total Cost (ATC): ATC initially decreases as production volume increases. This is because the fixed costs are spread over a larger number of units, resulting in a lower average cost per unit. However, after a certain point, ATC starts to increase due to diminishing returns or inefficiencies in production.

4. Average Variable Cost (AVC): AVC initially decreases as production volume increases, similar to ATC. However, it may reach a minimum and start increasing if the increase in variable costs outweighs the benefits of economies of scale.

5. Average Fixed Cost (AFC): AFC decreases as production volume increases. This is because the fixed costs are spread over a larger number of units, resulting in a lower average fixed cost per unit.

6. Marginal Cost (MC): MC initially decreases as production volume increases due to economies of scale and increased efficiency. However, it may start to increase if additional units require more resources or if there are diminishing returns to scale.

It's important to note that the specific changes in cost components may vary depending on the industry, production process, and other factors. The calculations provided above are based on the given data and assumptions.