Question

В чём состояли трудности и опасности деятельности купца в Средневековье???????​

Answer 1

Ответ:Церковь, бандиты(разбойники), неприязнь у знати.

Объяснение:

Думаю так . Это довольно коротко.

Answer 2

Ответ:

Во-первых внешние условия. Это холод, голод, жажда или жара. Нередко приходилось ночевать под открытым небом. Путешествие могло быть как на запряжённых лошадьми повозках, так и на кораблях. Время пути было довольно большим, особенно если путь был сухопутным, а не морским. В любой момент могло совершиться нападение на купца, охрана государством не предоставлялась. Товар мог не быть куплен местным населением или не принят в той или иной стране, что значило лишь убыток для купца. Множество эпидемий и отсутствие дополнительной информации (карты, законы, принятые цены, местные товары) составляло еще одну преграду.

Answer 3

Difficulties and Dangers of Merchant Activities in the Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, merchants faced numerous difficulties and dangers in their activities. These challenges were primarily related to the political, economic, and social conditions of the time. Here are some of the key difficulties and dangers that merchants encountered:

1. Insecurity and Banditry: One of the major challenges for medieval merchants was the risk of robbery and banditry. Traveling long distances on poorly maintained roads made them vulnerable to attacks by highwaymen and bandits. Merchants often had to travel in groups or hire armed guards for protection.

2. Political Instability and Conflicts: The Middle Ages were characterized by political instability, feudalism, and frequent conflicts between different kingdoms and regions. This created a challenging environment for merchants, as they had to navigate through territories with varying laws, regulations, and customs. They often faced difficulties in obtaining safe passage and protection for their goods.

3. Trade Restrictions and Taxes: Merchants had to deal with a complex web of trade restrictions and taxes imposed by different authorities. Local lords, city governments, and monarchs often imposed tariffs, tolls, and other levies on goods passing through their territories. These trade barriers increased the cost of doing business and made trade more challenging.

4. Lack of Infrastructure: The medieval period was characterized by a lack of well-developed infrastructure. Roads were often in poor condition, making transportation slow and difficult. Bridges and river crossings were not always reliable, and merchants had to find alternative routes or rely on sea transport, which also had its own risks.

5. Currency and Exchange Issues: The medieval period saw a lack of standardized currency and complex exchange rates. Merchants had to deal with different types of coins and constantly calculate exchange rates, which added complexity to their transactions. Counterfeit coins were also a common problem, making it difficult for merchants to trust the currency they received.

6. Disease and Health Risks: Traveling in the Middle Ages exposed merchants to various health risks. Epidemics such as the Black Death were prevalent, and merchants could easily contract and spread diseases during their journeys. Poor sanitation and living conditions in cities and towns further increased the risk of illness.

7. Piracy and Naval Attacks: For merchants involved in overseas trade, piracy and naval attacks were significant dangers. Pirates and rival nations' ships often targeted merchant vessels, seeking to plunder their valuable cargo. Merchants had to invest in armed ships or hire armed escorts to protect their goods during sea voyages.

8. Unpredictable Market Conditions: The medieval economy was subject to fluctuations and uncertainties. Crop failures, natural disasters, and economic crises could disrupt trade and lead to financial losses for merchants. They had to constantly adapt to changing market conditions and adjust their business strategies accordingly.

In conclusion, merchants in the Middle Ages faced a wide range of difficulties and dangers in their activities. These challenges included insecurity and banditry, political instability, trade restrictions and taxes, lack of infrastructure, currency and exchange issues, disease and health risks, piracy and naval attacks, as well as unpredictable market conditions. Despite these obstacles, merchants played a crucial role in connecting different regions and contributing to the growth of trade and commerce during this period.