Question

Здійснити перетворення і вкажіть умови : 1) синтез-газ→метанол→метаналь→глюкоза→вуглекислий газ; 2)крохмаль→глюкоза→етанол→етаналь→етанол;

Answer 1

1)
CO + 2H₂ --> CH₃OH
CH₂OH + CuO --> HCOH + Cu + H₂O
6HCOH ----> C₆H₁₂O₆ (Kt=Ca(OH)₂)
2)
(C₆H₁₀O₅)n + nH₂O ---> C₆H₁₂O₆
C₆H₁₂O₆ ----> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂
C₂H₅OH + CuO ---> CH₃COH + Cu + H₂O
CH₃COH + H₂  ---> C₂H₅OH

Answer 2

Transformation 1: Synthesis Gas to Carbon Dioxide

The given transformation involves the conversion of synthesis gas to carbon dioxide via several intermediate steps. Let's break down the transformation and its conditions.

1) Synthesis Gas to Methanol - Synthesis gas, which is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, can be converted to methanol through a catalytic reaction. - The conditions for this transformation typically involve using a catalyst such as copper, zinc oxide, or a mixture of these, along with high pressure and moderate temperature. - The reaction is represented by the following chemical equation: ``` CO + 2H2 → CH3OH ``` This reaction is known as the methanol synthesis reaction [[1]].

2) Methanol to Formaldehyde (Methanal) - Methanol can be further oxidized to formaldehyde, also known as methanal. - This transformation usually requires the use of a catalyst, such as silver or molybdenum, and involves controlled oxidation of methanol. - The chemical equation for this reaction is: ``` CH3OH → HCHO + H2 ``` This reaction is known as the methanol oxidation reaction [[2]].

3) Formaldehyde to Glucose - The transformation of formaldehyde to glucose involves a series of complex biochemical reactions in living organisms, such as plants. - Glucose is a simple sugar and a primary source of energy for living organisms. - The conditions for this transformation include the involvement of enzymes and specific biochemical pathways within the organism.

4) Glucose to Carbon Dioxide - Glucose can be metabolized through a series of biochemical reactions, ultimately leading to the production of carbon dioxide as a byproduct. - This process occurs during cellular respiration in living organisms, where glucose is broken down to release energy, with carbon dioxide being one of the waste products.

Transformation 2: Starch to Ethanol

The second transformation involves the conversion of starch to ethanol through a series of intermediate steps.

1) Starch to Glucose - Starch, a complex carbohydrate, can be hydrolyzed into glucose through the action of enzymes or acids. - The conditions for this transformation typically involve the use of heat and an acidic or enzymatic catalyst to break down the starch molecules into glucose units.

2) Glucose to Ethanol - Glucose can be fermented into ethanol through the action of yeast or certain bacteria in anaerobic conditions. - The conditions for this transformation include maintaining a suitable temperature, pH, and providing an anaerobic environment to facilitate the fermentation process. - The chemical equation for this fermentation process is: ``` C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 ``` This reaction is known as alcoholic fermentation [[3]].

3) Ethanol to Acetaldehyde - Ethanol can be oxidized to acetaldehyde, also known as ethanal, through controlled oxidation. - The conditions for this transformation typically involve the use of a suitable oxidizing agent, such as potassium dichromate, and controlled temperature and pressure. - The chemical equation for this reaction is: ``` C2H5OH → CH3CHO + H2O ``` This reaction is known as the ethanol oxidation reaction [[4]].

4) Acetaldehyde to Ethanol - Acetaldehyde can be reduced back to ethanol through the use of reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride, under suitable conditions. - The chemical equation for this reduction reaction is the reverse of the ethanol oxidation reaction mentioned earlier.

These transformations involve a series of chemical and biochemical reactions, each with specific conditions and catalysts to facilitate the conversion of one compound to another.