Question

Составить резюме по тексту: The PSTN (the public switched telephone networks) we have been describing has a star configuration. Local loops (usually one per subscriber) terminate in a CO (central-office). This CO completes connections from one local loop to another local loop or from one local loop to a trunk that terminates on some other CO. This CO has gone through a number of fundamental technological changes. The manual system required, of course, constant attention from operators. In the late 1800s, telephone calls were connected manually at the CO. When a call came in, an attendant would plug into a horizontal bar line. He then would yell to the operator who handled the customer being called, and that second operator would connect to the bar and finish setting up the call. When the call was completed, another operator would yell to all in the room that the line was clear again. The step – by – step system, which is still in operation in many parts of country, utilized that is known as the Stronger switch. The intelligence in the system was located in relays mounted on each switch. The switch itself responded to the dial pulses of the rotary dial. The crossbar system was still electromechanical in nature, but the intelligence of the system was separated from the actual switch. Thus, this common control could be used repeatedly to set up and tear down calls and never sit idle. When electronics came along, the electromechanical control of the common control system was replaced with electronics, and the network, or matrix, was usually replaced with tiny glass – encapsulated reed switches. Hence, only a part of the switch was electronic. In the next generation, the stored program operation of a digital computer was applied to the switch, the talking path was no longer an electrically continuous circuit; rather the speech being carried was digitized into a stream of “1s” and “0s.” Notice that this final generation depicted a significant change from the previous generations in that there was no longer an electrical talking path through the switch. We were, in fact, operating in a digital (rather than analog) domain. However, whether the system was analog or digital, one thing must be recognized: there was an actual talking path – a circuit – from the calling party to the calling party. This talking path was established at the beginning of a call. We call it circuit switching. This system is not actually efficient. When I am talking, you are listening, and the circuit is being used in only one direction – that is 50 percent. When you are talking and I am listening, it is still 50 percent. When neither of us is talking, or when there is silence between words, the efficiency is 0 percent. There is, however, a different kind of connection, and we see it today in a number of applications: - credit-card verification; - automated teller machine; - SS7; - Internet and the World Wide Web. This system is called packet switching(as opposed to circuit switching). In a packet-switching system, the information being transmitted (be it data or digitized voice) is not sent in real time over a dedicated circuit; rather it is stored in a nearby computer seizes a channel heading in the general direction of the destination, and that packet of data is transmitted at very high speeds. Then the channel is released. So, except for some necessary supervisory information (destination, error checking codes, etc.) the channel is 100 percent efficient. When the distant station gets that message no more than a few milliseconds later, it responds with the necessary handshaking information - again, by accumulating a packet of data, seizing a channel, and bursting the information out over that channel. Again, 100 percent efficient. As mentioned earlier, the packet networks in the world (actually overlay networks to the PSTN) are being used extensively for data: only recently are we seeing them being used for voice. As systems are perfected, this also will change.

Answer 1

Ответ:

1.The author isn’t mentioned. Network. English for Communications students T. V. Kozhevnikova 2012. pp. 201-205

2. Switching technology

3. The aim of the article is to show the reader structure and stages of improvement in commutation technologies.

4. The research method used in the article is description.

5. At the dawn of telecommunication technologies, telecom operators manually switch the channels between subscribers, which significantly reduces the speed of the connection. Soon, this network received semi-automatic switching elements that were not as dependent on the human as the previous ones, which allowed decreasing delays in the connection between people. Switching networks have gone through many stages of development: from manual switching to electromechanical, semi-electronical and nowadays we used full electronic, digital method of switching that provides high connection and data transfer speeds.  

6. The article describes time beginning with 1878 to 1976 (or till our time)

7. The author’s conclusion is that communication systems, as well as methods of switching in these systems will be steadily improved further. Soon, we can observe that the packet data network will change on newly developed transmission standard’s, that will provide higher speed’s, security and quality of communication.

Answer 2

Resume:

Name: [Your Name] Contact Information: [Your Address, Phone Number, Email Address]

Objective: Seeking a position in the field of telecommunications with a focus on network technology and systems engineering.

Summary: Experienced telecommunications professional with a strong understanding of the evolution of Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) and various switching technologies. Proficient in the transition from analog to digital systems, with expertise in circuit switching and packet switching. Adept at adapting to new technologies and working collaboratively in a dynamic environment.

Education:

• [Your Degree], [Your University], [Year of Graduation]

Key Skills:

• Telecommunications Technology
• PSTN Configuration
• Circuit Switching
• Packet Switching
• Network Evolution
• Central Office Operations
• Switching Systems
• Technology Transition
• Digital Communication
• Problem-Solving
• Adaptability

Professional Experience:

[Job Title] - [Company Name], [Location] - [Dates of Employment]

• Played a key role in understanding and implementing the evolution of the PSTN, transitioning from manual systems to digital networks.
• Managed the central office operations, ensuring efficient connections and network reliability.
• Adapted to various technological changes, from electromechanical systems to digital computer-based switches.
• Expertise in circuit switching and understanding its limitations in terms of efficiency.
• Familiarity with packet switching systems and their applications in modern telecommunications.

[Job Title] - [Company Name], [Location] - [Dates of Employment]

• Contributed to the transition from analog to digital communication systems.
• Collaborated with a team to implement packet switching technologies for data transmission.
• Played a vital role in credit card verification and automated teller machine (ATM) systems, ensuring secure and efficient data transfer.
• Gained expertise in SS7 (Signaling System 7) protocols for efficient call setup and signaling.
• Kept up-to-date with emerging technologies such as the Internet and the World Wide Web.

Achievements:

• Successfully implemented digital communication systems, improving network efficiency by eliminating idle circuit usage.
• Played a crucial role in the adoption of packet switching for secure and efficient data transmission.
• Demonstrated adaptability by keeping pace with technological advancements in the telecommunications industry.

References: Available upon request.

[Note: Be sure to customize the resume with your personal information, educational background, and specific job experiences to match your qualifications and the job you are applying for.]