Question

Хороший пересказ по данному тексту The Internet, a global computer network, embracing millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network, which was not knocked out during the Gulf War. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet; there are millions, their number growing by thousands each month worldwide. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, having access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher. In many developing countries the Internet may provide business people with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunication systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations. But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centres already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled – but inexpensive – Chinese computer-aided-design specialists. However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programmes available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. “in the clear”. But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programmes may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems, which will take time to be resolved.

Answer 1

The Internet, a global computer network spanning millions of users around the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment Information transmitted via the Internet travels the shortest route from one computer to another. This allows any two computers on the Internet to stay connected to each other as long as there is one path between them.

Thanks to this technology, if some computers on the network are disabled (e.g. as a result of a nuclear explosion), information will simply flow around them. Most Internet host computers (over 50%) are in the US, the rest are in over 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted quite accurately, no one knows exactly how many people use the Internet; there are millions of them, and their number is growing by thousands every month around the world. Most people who have access to the Internet use the network only to send and receive email. However, other popular services are also available on the Internet: reading USENET news, using the World Wide Web, telnet, FTP, Gopher. In many developing countries, the Internet can become a reliable alternative to expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems in these countries. When they send emails, they only have to pay for phone calls to local service providers, not for calls in their countries or around the world. But who actually pays to send e-mails over the Internet over long distances, all over the world? If people see what they can make on the Internet, the commercial use of the network will increase dramatically. For example, some Western architectural companies and clothing centres are already transferring their basic designs and concepts over the Internet to China, where they are being processed and refined by qualified - but inexpensive - Chinese computer designers. Thanks to this, you can get on any of the computers on the route, intercept and even change the data sent via the Internet. Despite the fact that there are many powerful encoding programs, almost all information transmitted over the Internet, is transmitted without any encoding, ie "in its purest form. Some US banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet.

Answer 2

The Internet originated in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment and was designed to withstand a nuclear war. It is a global computer network that connects millions of users worldwide. The Internet operates on a technology called packet switching, where information is sent from one computer to another via the shortest available path. This allows any two computers on the Internet to stay connected as long as there is at least one route between them. In the event that certain computers on the network are disabled, such as by a nuclear explosion, the information will automatically find alternative routes to reach its destination.

During the Gulf War, the Iraqi computer network, which utilized packet switching, remained functional and unaffected. The majority of Internet host computers, more than 50%, are located in the United States, while the remaining hosts are distributed across over 100 other countries. The exact number of Internet users is difficult to determine, but it is estimated to be in the millions, with the number increasing by thousands every month worldwide.

The most popular service on the Internet is email, which is widely used by people who have Internet access. However, there are other popular services available as well, including reading USENET News, using the World Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher. In many developing countries, the Internet offers a reliable and cost-effective alternative to expensive and unreliable telecommunication systems. Businesses can communicate with the rest of the world at a lower cost by using the Internet. Commercial users pay their local service providers a monthly or hourly fee, part of which covers the cost of connecting to larger service providers. These larger providers, in turn, allocate a portion of their fees to maintain and operate a global network of wires and wireless stations.

Although saving money is an initial benefit of using the Internet, commercial utilization of the network is expected to increase as more people recognize its potential for generating income. For instance, some Western architecture companies and garment centers transmit their designs and concepts to China over the Internet, where they are refined by skilled and cost-effective Chinese computer-aided design specialists.

However, there are concerns regarding security on the Internet. When an email message is sent, it traverses various networks and computers, guided by routers. This means that the data can potentially be intercepted or modified by unauthorized individuals who gain access to any of the computers along the route. Addressing these security issues remains a significant challenge for Internet users.