Question

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту. HISTORY OF TAXATION 1.Political authority has been used to raise capital throughout history. In many pre-monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in labor. Taxation in labor was the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe. 2.In more sophisticated economies such as the Roman Empire, tax farming developed, as the central powers could not practically enforce their tax policy across a wide realm. The tax farmers were obligated to raise large sums for the government, but were allowed to keep whatever else they raised. 3. Many Christians have understood the New Testament to support the payment of taxes, through Jesus's words "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's". 4. There were certain times in the Middle Ages where the governments did not explicitly tax, since they were self-supporting, owning their own land and creating their own products. The appearance of doing without taxes was however illusory, since the government's (usually the Crown's) independent income sources depended on labor enforced under the feudal system, which is a tax exacted in kind. 5. Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today, such as those raised by the American government during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Income tax was first introduced into Britain in 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars and into Canada in 1917 as a "temporary" tax under the Income War Tax Act to cover government expenses resulting from World War I. 6. The current income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913. It was called The Federal Income Tax and was deducted from incomes at rates varying from 1-7%. But, since then, the American Tax Code has been modified and new taxes have been added, especially over the World War I and II periods. Since World War II, the American Tax Code has increased in size four-fold. Слова к тексту: 1. tax–налог 2. public finance - государственные финансы; государственный бюджет 3. tax farmer - откупщик, сборщик налогов, податей 4. income tax act - закон о подоходном налоге 5. tax code- налоговый кодекс Задание 5. Переведите письменно 4-ый и 6-ой абзац текста «History of taxation». Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту «History of taxation»: 1. How were taxes paid in medieval Europe? 2. Why were many taxes originally introduced? 3. What kind of document describes what taxes people have to pay? Задание 7. Найдите в тексте «History of taxation» английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям: 1.для привлечения капитала 2. независимые источники дохода 3. в качестве «временного» налога 4. покрытие государственных расходов 5. текущий налог на прибыль

Answer 1

Задание 5:

4. В Средние века были определенные периоды, когда правительства не взимали явных налогов, поскольку они были самоокупаемыми, владеющими собственной землей и производящими собственные продукты. Однако видимость обхода без налогов была иллюзорной, поскольку независимые источники дохода правительства (обычно короны) зависели от труда, навязанного в соответствии с феодальной системой, которая представляет собой налог, взимаемый натурой.

6. Нынешний подоходный налог в Америке был установлен Теодором Рузвельтом в 1913 году. Он назывался Федеральным подоходным налогом и удерживался из доходов по ставкам, варьирующимся от 1 до 7%. Но с тех пор американский Налоговый кодекс претерпел изменения и были добавлены новые налоги, особенно в периоды Первой и Второй мировых войн. После Второй мировой войны размер Налогового кодекса США увеличился в четыре раза.

Задание 6:

1)Taxation in labor was the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe.

2)5. Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today, such as those raised by the American government during the American Civil War (1861-1865).

3)The current income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913. It was called The Federal Income Tax and was deducted from incomes at rates varying from 1-7%.

Задание 7:

1.to raise capital

2.independent income sources

3.as a "temporary" tax 

4.cover government expenses

5.current income tax

Удачи тебе =)

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Answer 2

Задание 5:

4-ый абзац: "In many pre-monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in labor." - Во многих до-денежных обществах, таких как инковская империя, налоги уплачивались в виде труда.

6-ой абзац: "The current income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913." - Текущий налог на доходы в Америке был установлен Теодором Рузвельтом в 1913 году.

Задание 6:

1. Taxes were paid in medieval Europe through labor, which was the basis of the Feudal system. People owed their labor as a form of taxation.

2. Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars. For example, income tax was introduced in Britain in 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars. In Canada, it was introduced in 1917 to cover government expenses resulting from World War I.

3. The document that describes what taxes people have to pay is referred to as the "tax code," which outlines the rules and regulations governing taxation.

Задание 7:

1. для привлечения капитала - to raise capital
2. независимые источники дохода - independent income sources
3. в качестве «временного» налога - as a "temporary" tax
4. покрытие государственных расходов - cover government expenses
5. текущий налог на прибыль - current income tax