Question

HISTORY OF TAXATION Political authority has been used to raise capital throughout history. In many pre-monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in labor. Taxation in labor was the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe. In more sophisticated economies such as the Roman Empire, tax farming developed, as the central powers could not practically enforce their tax policy across a wide realm. The tax farmers were obligated to raise large sums for the government, but were allowed to keep whatever else they raised. Many Christians have understood the New Testament to support the payment of taxes, through Jesus's words "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's". There were certain times in the Middle Ages where the governments did not explicitly tax, since they were self-supporting, owning their own land and creating their own products. The appearance of doing without taxes was however illusory, since the government's (usually the Crown's) independent income sources depended on labor enforced under the feudal system, which is a tax exacted in kind. Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today, such as those raised by the American government during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Income tax was first introduced into Britain in 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars and into Canada in 1917 as a "temporary" tax under the Income War Tax Act to cover government expenses resulting from World War I. The current income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913. It was called The Federal Income Tax and was deducted from incomes at rates varying from 1-7%. But, since then, the American Tax Code has been modified and new taxes have been added, especially over the World War I and II periods. Since World War II, the American Tax Code has increased in size four-fold.

Answer 1

ИСТОРИЯ НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ
 Политический авторитет был использован для увеличения капитала на протяжении всей истории. Во многих пре-денежных обществах, таких как Империя Инков, труд обкладывался налогом. Налогообложение труда было основой феодальной системы в средневековой Европе.
 В более сложных экономиках, таких как Римская Империя, развивался откуп налогов, т. к. центральные державы не могли практически применять их в налоговой политики в широкой области. Налоговые фермеры были обязаны привлечь больше денег для правительства, но при этом было разрешено сохранить все, что еще они подняли.
 Многие христиане поняли, что Новый Завет для поддержки уплаты налогов, через слова Иисуса " Кесарю кесарево".
 Были времена в средневековье,когда правительства не могли открыто брать налоги, т. к. они поддерживали сами себя, овладевая собственными землями и создавая свои собственные продукты. Появление возможности обходиться без налогов было, однако, иллюзией, т. к. правительственные (обычно королевские) независимые источники дохода зависили от труда, исполняющегося в рамках феодальной системы, в которой налог взыскивался в натуральной форме.
 Многие налоги были первоначально введены для финансирования войн и на сегодняшний день до сих пор, например, тех, кого подняло американскогое правительство во время американской гражданской войны (1861-1865 ). Налог на прибыль был впервые введен в Великобритании в 1798 году, чтобы заплатить за оружие и снаряжение в рамках подготовки к наполеоновским войнам и в Канаде в 1917 году в качестве «временного» налога в соответствии с Законом о подоходном налоге войны для покрытия государственных расходов, возникающих вследствие Первой мировой войны.
 Текущий налог на прибыль в Америке был создан Теодором Рузвельтом в 1913 году. Он был назван Федеральным подоходным налогом и была вычтен из доходов со ставками в диапазоне от 1-7%. Но, с тех пор, американский Налоговый кодекс был изменен и новые налоги, которые были добавлены, особенно во время Первой и Второй мировых войнах. После Второй мировой войны  американский Налоговый кодекс увеличился в 4-ех кратном размере.

Answer 2

History of Taxation

Throughout history, political authorities have used taxation as a means to raise capital. The methods and forms of taxation have varied across different societies and time periods.

In many pre-monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in labor. This means that individuals were required to provide a certain amount of labor as a form of tax payment. This labor-based taxation system was also the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe.

In more sophisticated economies, such as the Roman Empire, a system known as tax farming developed. This system emerged because the central powers of the empire could not practically enforce their tax policies across a wide realm. Tax farmers were individuals or groups who were obligated to raise large sums of money for the government. In return, they were allowed to keep whatever surplus they raised.

In some cases, the governments in the Middle Ages did not explicitly impose taxes because they were self-supporting. They owned their own land and created their own products, which provided them with independent income sources. However, this appearance of being without taxes was illusory, as the government's income sources often relied on labor enforced under the feudal system, which can be seen as a form of tax in kind.

The introduction of many taxes can be traced back to the need to fund wars. For example, the American government raised taxes during the American Civil War (1861-1865) to finance the war effort [[1]](https://www.academia.edu/1841246/Why_and_How_Could_Philosophy_Be_a_Mediator_between_Science_and_Society).

Income tax, as we know it today, has its origins in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In Britain, income tax was first introduced in 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic Wars. In Canada, income tax was introduced in 1917 as a "temporary" tax under the Income War Tax Act to cover government expenses resulting from World War I.

In the United States, the current income tax system was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913 with the passage of the Federal Income Tax. Initially, it was deducted from incomes at rates varying from 1-7%. However, over time, the American Tax Code has been modified and new taxes have been added, especially during the World War I and II periods. As a result, the American Tax Code has significantly increased in size since World War II.

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