Question

ПОМОГИТЕ 100Б .Common Law and Civil Law Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten lawthat evolved from the 12th century. The name comes from the idea that Englishmedieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the“common”customs of the kingdom. This system of law prevails in Britain and inthose countries, such as Canada and the United States, that were originallycolonized by English settlers.The common law is based on the principle of deciding cases by reference toprevious judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes drafted by legislativebodies. Common law can be contrasted to the civil-law system, based on ancientRoman law, found in continental Europe and elsewhere. Whereas civil-law judgesresolve disputes by referring to statutory principles arrived at in advance, common-law judges focus more intently on the facts of the particular case to arrive at a fairand equitable result forth litigants.General rules or precedents are guidelines for judges deciding similar cases inthe future. Subsequent cases, however, may reveal new and different facts andconsiderations, such as changing social or technological conditions. A commonlaw judge is then free to depart from precedent and establish a new rule ofdecision, which sets a new precedent as it is accepted and used by different judgesin other cases.In this manner,common law retains dynamic for change. As theU.S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wrote in his book, TheCommon Law (1881): “The life of the [common] law has not been logic; it hasbeen experience.”Civil Law, term applied to a legal tradition originating in ancient Rome and tothe contemporary legal systems based on this tradition. Modern civil lawsystems,which were originally developed in Western European countries,havespread throughout the world. The term civil law also applies to all legalproceedings that are not criminal. Under this definition laws regulating marriage,contracts, and payment for personal injuryare examples of civil law.The most obvious feature of acivillaw system is the presence of a writtencode of law.The codes systematic and comprehensive compilation of legal rulesand principles. Although the contents of codes may vary widely from country tocountry, all codes are intended as a blueprint of social regulation that attempts toguide individuals through society from birth to death.The civil law tradition makes a sharp distinction between private and publiclaw. Private law includes the rules governing civil and commercial relation shipssuch as marriage, divorce ,and contractual agreements. Public law consist soflatters that concern the government: constitution allaw,criminal law,andadministrative law. In many countries with civil law systems, two sets of courtsexist—those that hear public law cases and those that address matters of privatelaw.The role of judges in civil law jurisdictions differs considerably from that ofjudges in common law systems. When different facts or new considerations arise,common law judges are free to depart from precedent and establish new law. Thecivil law tradition views judges as government officials who perform essential butuncreative functions. Civil law judges administer the codes that are written by legalscholars and enacted by legislators. They may also consult legal treatises on theissue in question. The civil law system assumes that there is only one correctsolution to a specific legal problem. Therefore, judges are not expected to usejudicial discretion or to apply their own interpretation to a case.TASK 1.Answer the following questions:1. What does the term common law refer to?2. In what countries does common law system prevail?3. How common law can be contrasted to the civil-laws ystem?4. What is the main principle of the common law legal system?5. What Is the difference in resolving disputes between common-law judgesand civil-law judges?6. What is a precedent?7. When a judges an depart from the precedent?8. What are the two meanings of the term civil law?9. In what countries is civil law system used?10. What is the distinction between private and public law?11. What is the difference in the role of judges in civil law jurisdictions and incommon laws systems?

Answer 1

Ответ:

1. The term common law refers to the main body of English unwritten law.
2. Common law system prevails in Britain and its former colonies.
3. In common law system, unwritten law is more important than written code of law, while in civil law system, it is the other way round.
4. Deciding cases by reference to previous judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes drafted by legislative bodies.
5. Common law judges focus on the facts of the particular case, while civil law judges refer to statutory principles.
6. Precedents are previous judicial decisions that serve as guidelines for common law judges deciding similar cases in the future.
7. Common law judges can depart from precedent if different facts and new considerations arise.
8. Civil law means both a legal tradition based on Roman law and all legal proceedings that are not criminal.
9. Civil law system is found in continental Europe, as well as in most countries, apart from those where common law is used.
10. Private law includes the rules governing civil and commercial relationships, while public law consists of matters that concern the government.
11. Common law judges can depart from the precedent and establish new law, while civil law judges are seen as government officials.

Объяснение:

Перевод текста во вложениях.

1. Для обозначения чего используется термин "общее право"?

Термин "общее право" обозначает основную часть английского неписаного права.

2. В каких странах превалирует система общего права?

Система общего права превалирует в Британии и ее бывших колониях.

3. Как общее право можно противопоставить системе гражданского права?

В системе общего права неписаный закон более важен, чем свод законов; в гражданском праве все наоборот.

4. Каков главный принцип системы общего права?

Рассмотрение дел основано на обращении к предыдущим судебным решениям, а не к писаному праву, утвержденному законодательными органами.

5. В чем разница подходов к разрешению споров у судей общего права и гражданского права?

Судьи общего права фокусируются на фактах конкретного дела, тогда как судьи гражданского права обращаются к установленным законом принципам.

6. Что такое прецедент?

Прецеденты - это предыдущие судебные решения, которые служат руководством для судей общего права, разрешающих подобные дела в будущем.

7. Когда судьи имеют право отойти от прецедента?

Судьи общего права могут отойти от прецедента, если появляются новые факты и соображения.

8. Какие два значения есть у термина "гражданское право"?

Гражданское право обозначает одновременно и правовую традицию, основанную на Римском праве, и все процессуальные действия, не относящиеся к сфере уголовного права.

9. В каких странах применяется система гражданского права?

Систему гражданского права можно найти в континентальной Европе и большинстве стран, кроме тех, где используется общее право.

10. В чем различие между публичным и частным правом?

Частное право включает в себя правила, регулирующие гражданские и коммерческие отношения, тогда как публичное право состоит из вопросов, имеющих значение для правительства.

11. Чем различаются роли судей в системах общего и гражданского права?

Судьи общего права могут отойти от прецедента и установить новый закон, тогда как судей гражданского права рассматривают как государственных должностных лиц.

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Answer 2

Common Law and Civil Law are two distinct legal systems that have evolved in different parts of the world and have their own characteristics and principles.

Common Law:

1. Origin: Common Law originated in England and evolved from the 12th century. It developed from the customs and practices of the kingdom.

2. Basis: Common Law relies heavily on previous judicial decisions and precedents set by courts in similar cases. It emphasizes the importance of case law rather than relying solely on written statutes.

3. Countries: Common Law is prevalent in countries with historical ties to British colonization, including the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

4. Flexibility: Common Law allows judges to make decisions based on the specific facts and circumstances of each case. Precedents can be overturned or modified when new facts or considerations emerge.

5. Role of Judges: Common Law judges have the authority to interpret the law, and their decisions contribute to the development of legal principles over time.

Civil Law:

1. Origin: Civil Law has its roots in ancient Roman law. It has been adopted and adapted by many countries, especially in continental Europe, and is based on a written code of law.

2. Basis: Civil Law relies on a comprehensive written code of law that provides clear rules and principles for various legal matters. Judges interpret and apply these codes to specific cases.

3. Countries: Civil Law systems are commonly found in countries influenced by the Napoleonic Code, such as France and many European and Latin American nations.

4. Codification: Civil Law systems are characterized by the presence of written codes that cover a wide range of legal issues, including private law (e.g., contracts, marriage) and public law (e.g., constitutional law, criminal law).

5. Role of Judges: In Civil Law systems, judges are typically seen as applying the law rather than creating it. They interpret and enforce the provisions of the written codes.

In summary, the primary distinction between Common Law and Civil Law lies in their historical origins, the role of precedents, and the presence of a written code of law. Common Law relies on precedents set by previous judicial decisions and is more flexible in adapting to changing circumstances, while Civil Law is based on written codes that provide specific rules and principles for various legal matters. Judges in Common Law systems have more discretion in interpreting and developing the law, while judges in Civil Law systems primarily apply existing statutes.