Question

Помогите, пожалуйста с химией. Осуществить следующие превращения: карбид кальция - ацетилен - бензол - хлорбензол - фенол - тринитрофенол. Укажите условия протекания реакций.

Answer 1

CaC2 + 2H2O --> C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
C2H2 -- С активирвоанный ---> C6H6  (тримеризация ацетилена)
C6H6 + Cl2 --> C6H5Cl + HCl
C6H5Cl + KOH(р-р) --> C6H5OH + KCl
C6H5OH + 3HNO3 ---h2so4-->(OH)C6H3(NO2)3 + 3H2O

(На фотографии тринитрофенол) 

Answer 2

Transformation of Calcium Carbide to Phenol via Acetylene, Benzene, Chlorobenzene, and Trinitrophenol

To carry out the transformation of calcium carbide to phenol via acetylene, benzene, chlorobenzene, and trinitrophenol, several chemical reactions need to take place. Here is a step-by-step explanation of the reactions involved:

1. Calcium Carbide to Acetylene: Calcium carbide (CaC2) can react with water (H2O) to produce acetylene gas (C2H2) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) as a byproduct. This reaction is exothermic and typically requires a catalyst such as a small amount of iron or copper. The equation for this reaction is:

   CaC2 + 2H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
   

The reaction is usually carried out at room temperature or slightly above, and the acetylene gas can be collected and stored for further use.

[[1]]

2. Acetylene to Benzene: Acetylene gas (C2H2) can undergo a process called cyclization to form benzene (C6H6). This reaction is known as the "benzene synthesis" or "benzene cycle" and involves the rearrangement of carbon atoms in the acetylene molecule. The reaction is typically carried out at high temperatures (around 500-600°C) and requires a catalyst such as alumina or silica. The equation for this reaction is:

   3C2H2 → C6H6
   

The cyclization of acetylene to benzene is an important industrial process in the production of benzene.

[[2]]

3. Benzene to Chlorobenzene: Benzene (C6H6) can be chlorinated to form chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) by reacting it with chlorine (Cl2) in the presence of a catalyst such as iron or aluminum chloride. The reaction typically occurs at elevated temperatures (around 200-250°C). The equation for this reaction is:

   C6H6 + Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl
   

Chlorobenzene is a useful intermediate in the production of various chemicals and is commonly used as a solvent.

[[3]]

4. Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) can be hydrolyzed to form phenol (C6H5OH) by reacting it with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) in the presence of heat. The hydrolysis reaction replaces the chlorine atom with a hydroxyl group (-OH). The equation for this reaction is:

   C6H5Cl + NaOH → C6H5OH + NaCl
   

The reaction is typically carried out at temperatures around 300-350°C. Phenol is an important chemical used in the production of plastics, resins, and pharmaceuticals.

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5. Phenol to Trinitrophenol: Phenol (C6H5OH) can be nitrated to form trinitrophenol, also known as picric acid (C6H2(NO2)3OH). The nitration reaction involves the substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenol molecule with nitro groups (-NO2). This reaction is typically carried out by treating phenol with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. The equation for this reaction is:

   C6H5OH + 3HNO3 → C6H2(NO2)3OH + 3H2O
   

The reaction is usually performed at low temperatures (around 0-5°C) to control the formation of unwanted byproducts. Trinitrophenol is a highly explosive compound and is primarily used as an explosive or as a precursor for the production of other explosives.

[[5]]

Please note that the conditions mentioned for each reaction are general guidelines and may vary depending on the specific reaction conditions used in a laboratory or industrial setting. It is important to consult reliable sources and follow proper safety protocols when conducting chemical reactions.

I hope this explanation helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.