Question

С точки зрения теории строения атома,объясните, что объединяет элементы в один период, одну группу, в одну подгруппу. Почему марганец и хлор, находясь в одной группе обладают разными свойствами?

Answer 1

Если не то сори!
Периодический закон - закон строения атома

В свое время Д. И. Менделеев с огорчением замечал: "...причин периодичности мы не знаем". Ему не удалось дожить до разгадки этой тайны.

Когда было доказано, что порядковый номер элемента в системе численно равен заряду ядра его атома, то стала ясной физическая сущность периодического закона.

Но почему свойства химических элементов изменяются периодически по мере роста заряда ядра? Почему система элементов построена так, а не иначе и ее периоды содержат строго определенное число элементов? На эти важнейшие вопросы ответа пока не было.

Тайна периодической системы элементов была разгадана, когда удалось понять сложнейшую структуру атома, строение его внешних электронных оболочек, законы движения электронов вокруг положительно заряженного ядра, в котором сосредоточена почти вся масса атома.

Все химические и физические свойства вещества определяются строением атомов. Периодический закон, открытый Менделеевым, есть всеобщий закон природы, потому что он опирается на закон строения атома.

Answer 2

Structure of the Atom and Periodic Table

In the theory of the structure of the atom, the arrangement of elements in the periodic table is based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. This arrangement allows us to understand how elements are grouped into periods, groups, and subgroups.

Periods and Groups in the Periodic Table: - Periods: In the periodic table, elements are arranged in periods based on the number of electron shells in their atoms. Each period represents a new energy level or shell. For example, the first period consists of elements with one electron shell, the second period with two electron shells, and so on. - Source: - Groups: Elements in the periodic table are also organized into groups based on similar chemical properties. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell, which determines their chemical behavior. For instance, elements in Group 1 (e.g., hydrogen, lithium, sodium) all have one electron in their outer shell and share similar properties. - Source: Subgroups: - Subgroups are further divisions within groups based on the filling of the subshells. This is related to the electron configuration of the elements and their position in the periodic table. - Source:

Manganese and Chlorine in the Periodic Table

Different Properties Despite Being in the Same Group: - Manganese and chlorine, despite being in the same group, possess different properties due to their distinct atomic structures and electron configurations. - Manganese is a transition metal with the atomic number 25, and its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s2. It exhibits typical properties of transition metals, such as variable oxidation states and the formation of colorful compounds. - Chlorine, on the other hand, is a nonmetal with the atomic number 17 and the electron configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p5. It is highly reactive and tends to form compounds by gaining one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration.

Explanation for Different Properties: - The difference in properties between manganese and chlorine can be attributed to their distinct atomic structures, electron configurations, and the nature of chemical bonding they form. Manganese, being a transition metal, exhibits variable oxidation states and forms complex compounds due to the availability of d orbitals for bonding. Chlorine, as a nonmetal, tends to form ionic or covalent compounds by gaining or sharing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. - Source: In summary, the arrangement of elements in the periodic table is based on their atomic structure, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, which allows for the classification of elements into periods, groups, and subgroups. Despite being in the same group, elements like manganese and chlorine exhibit different properties due to their unique atomic structures and electron configurations, which influence their chemical behavior and reactivity.