Question

Почему галогены присоединяют электроны от других атомов? ​

Answer 1

Галогены могут присоединять электроны от других атомов​ потому что у них не завершенный электронный слой, им не хватает одного электрона, по этому F, Cl, Br, I... могут легко присоединить недостающий электрон.

Однако галогены (Кроме разве что фтора(F), потому что он самый электроотрицательный атом)не всегда только присоединяют электроны, но могут и отдавать, например в соединениях:

$HClO_4, HIO_3, BBrO_2$ у них положительная степень окисления, то есть они отдают электроны

Answer 2

Why do halogens attract electrons from other atoms?

Halogens are a group of elements in the periodic table that includes fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). These elements have a high electronegativity, which means they have a strong attraction for electrons. As a result, halogens tend to attract electrons from other atoms when they form chemical bonds.

The high electronegativity of halogens is due to their atomic structure. Halogens have seven valence electrons in their outermost energy level, which is one electron short of a stable octet (eight electrons). By gaining one electron from another atom, halogens can achieve a stable electron configuration similar to that of the noble gases, which have a full octet.

When a halogen atom comes into contact with an atom of another element, it can attract and pull away one electron from the outermost energy level of the other atom. This process is known as electron transfer or electron capture. The halogen atom becomes negatively charged (an anion) because it now has one more electron than protons, while the other atom becomes positively charged (a cation) because it now has one less electron than protons.

The attraction of halogens for electrons is a fundamental property of these elements and is a key factor in their reactivity and ability to form compounds with other elements. This electron attraction allows halogens to participate in various chemical reactions, such as the formation of ionic compounds, covalent bonds, and oxidation-reduction reactions.

In summary, halogens attract electrons from other atoms due to their high electronegativity and the desire to achieve a stable electron configuration. This electron attraction is a crucial aspect of their chemical behavior and reactivity.