Question

Помогите пожалуйста ответить на вопросы - какие структуры, системы и отделы головного мозга являются основой для функционирования процессов внимания?- с какими исследовательскими программами изучения психофизиологических основ внимания связаны имена Павлова, Ухтомского, Хомской, Джаспера, Соколова, Моруцци?​

Answer 1

Как известно, существуют два самостоятельных уровня внимания: непроизвольный и произвольный, первичное и вторичное, считая, что первичное, непроизвольное внимание – то, с которым ребенок рождается; вторичное, произвольное внимание формируется по мере становления всех других психических функций

Это первое задание

Answer 2

#### Structures, Systems, and Departments of the Brain Involved in Attention The functioning of attention involves various structures, systems, and departments of the brain. These components work together to regulate and direct attentional processes. Some of the key structures and systems involved in attention include: 1. **Prefrontal Cortex**: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive functions, including attentional control. It plays a crucial role in maintaining and shifting attention, inhibiting distractions, and monitoring task performance. 2. **Parietal Cortex**: The parietal cortex is involved in spatial attention and the allocation of attentional resources. It helps in orienting attention to relevant stimuli in the environment and integrating sensory information. 3. **Superior Colliculus**: The superior colliculus is a midbrain structure that plays a role in the control of visual attention. It helps in directing eye movements towards salient stimuli in the visual field. 4. **Thalamus**: The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information and plays a role in filtering and modulating attention. It helps in regulating the flow of sensory information to the cortex. 5. **Reticular Activating System**: The reticular activating system, located in the brainstem, is involved in regulating the overall level of arousal and wakefulness. It influences attention by modulating the state of alertness. 6. **Basal Ganglia**: The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical structures involved in motor control and cognitive processes. They contribute to attentional control by facilitating the selection and inhibition of motor and cognitive responses. 7. **Limbic System**: The limbic system, including structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, plays a role in emotional processing and memory. It interacts with attentional processes, as emotional stimuli can capture attention and influence cognitive performance. #### Research Programs on the Psychophysiological Basis of Attention Several researchers have made significant contributions to the study of the psychophysiological basis of attention. Here are some notable names associated with research programs on attention: 1. **Ivan Pavlov**: Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, is renowned for his research on classical conditioning. While his work primarily focused on the conditioning of reflexive responses, it laid the foundation for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying attention and learning. 2. **Ivan Sechenov**: Ivan Sechenov, a Russian physiologist, made significant contributions to the study of the nervous system and reflexes. His work on inhibitory processes and the role of the cerebral cortex in attention provided insights into the psychophysiological basis of attention. 3. **Alexander Luria**: Alexander Luria, a Russian neuropsychologist, conducted extensive research on brain function and cognitive processes. His studies on patients with brain injuries provided valuable insights into the neural basis of attention and other cognitive functions. 4. **Donald Broadbent**: Donald Broadbent, a British psychologist, developed influential theories on attention and information processing. His research focused on the capacity and limitations of attention and the role of selective attention in filtering information. 5. **Michael Posner**: Michael Posner, an American psychologist, is known for his research on attention and cognitive neuroscience. His work on the attentional networks and the role of attention in cognitive control has had a significant impact on the field. 6. **Elena Sokolova**: Elena Sokolova, a Russian psychologist, has contributed to the study of attention and cognitive processes. Her research focuses on the psychophysiological mechanisms underlying attention and the role of attention in perception and memory. 7. **Giovanni Moruzzi**: Giovanni Moruzzi, an Italian physiologist, conducted pioneering research on the reticular activating system and its role in attention and arousal. His work laid the foundation for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying attentional processes. Please note that the information provided here is based on search result snippets and should be further explored for more comprehensive understanding.