Question

Какое экономическое положение складывалось в россии в конце 20 века

Answer 1

В результате экономического развития в пореформенный период (особенно промышленного подъема 90-х годов XIX в., завершился к 1880-1890 гг.) окончательно сложилась система российского капитализма. Это выражалось в росте предпринимательства и капиталов, совершенствовании производства, его технологическом перевооружении, увеличении количества наемной рабочей силы во всех сферах народного хозяйства. Одновременно с другими капиталистическими странами в России происходила вторая техническая революция (ускорение производства средств производства, широкое использование электричества и других достижений современной науки), совпавшая с индустриализацией. Из отсталой аграрной страны Россия к началу XX в. стала аграрно-индустриальной державой (82 % занято в сельском хозяйстве). По объему промышленной продукции она вошла в пятерку крупнейших государств (Англия, Франция, США и Германия) и все глубже втягивалась в мировую систему хозяйства.
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Answer 2

Economic Situation in Russia at the End of the 20th Century

The economic situation in Russia at the end of the 20th century was marked by significant changes and challenges. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century: - In the late 19th century, Russia experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization, particularly in sectors such as coal, iron, and steel production. - However, this period also saw significant social and economic disparities, with a large peasant population and a small industrial working class.

2. Early 20th Century: - The early 20th century was marked by political and social upheaval, including the Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. - Under Soviet rule, the economy was centrally planned and focused on heavy industry, with agriculture collectivized. - The Soviet economy experienced periods of growth and industrialization, but also faced challenges such as inefficiencies, shortages, and a lack of consumer goods.

3. Late 20th Century: - In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Soviet Union underwent significant political and economic reforms, including the introduction of market-oriented policies and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself. - This period, known as the "transition period," was characterized by a shift from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. - The transition was accompanied by challenges such as hyperinflation, economic contraction, and a decline in living standards for many Russians. - The privatization of state-owned enterprises and the opening up of the economy to foreign investment were key aspects of the economic reforms. - However, the transition was not without difficulties, and many Russians faced economic hardships, unemployment, and social instability during this period.

4. Economic Developments in the 21st Century: - In the 21st century, Russia experienced periods of economic growth, driven by factors such as high oil prices and increased government spending. - However, the Russian economy has also faced challenges, including economic sanctions imposed by Western countries, fluctuations in global oil prices, and structural issues such as corruption and a lack of diversification. - The COVID-19 pandemic also had a significant impact on the Russian economy, leading to a contraction in GDP and increased government spending to support businesses and individuals.

Overall, the economic situation in Russia at the end of the 20th century was characterized by significant changes and challenges, as the country transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented system. While there were periods of economic growth, there were also difficulties and hardships for many Russians during this period.