Question

Как управлялась империя Карла Великого,Византийская империя при Юстиниане и Арабский Халифат при Харуне ар-Рашид. какие цели ставили перед собой правители империя Карла Великого,Византийская империя при Юстиниане и Арабский Халифат при Харуне ар-Рашид. Каковы были их основные военные противники империя Карла Великого,Византийская империя при Юстиниане и Арабский Халифат при Харуне ар-Рашид. Какие достижения прославлялись империя Карла Великого,Византийская империя при Юстиниане и Арабский Халифат при Харуне ар-Рашид.

Answer 1

Карл

2. 
а) завоевать новые земли, тем самым расширить территорию; также процесс развития франкского общества; укрепление феодализма и  поднятие культурного воспитания у населения

3.
а) Саксы, Викинги

4.
а) военные походы Карла Великого; христианизация Европы; создание Академии искусств и наук; создал регулярную армию со своим уставом (состоящую из вассалов), что стало началом рыцарства; создание пограничного флота; строительство замков, дорог и оборонительного сооружения

Answer 2

Government and Administration

The Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne was divided into counties which were overseen by counts appointed by Charlemagne. Charlemagne also established missi dominici to travel around the empire and ensure the counts were upholding the law.

The Byzantine Empire under Justinian was an absolute monarchy centered around Justinian as emperor. Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of a complex bureaucracy. The empire was divided into praetorian prefectures and provinces overseen by governors.

The Umayyad Caliphate under Harun al-Rashid was ruled as a caliphate, with Harun al-Rashid as the religious and political leader. The caliph was the supreme head of state and head of government, and implemented policies through provincial governors known as emirs.

Goals of the Rulers

Charlemagne aimed to revive and expand the former territory of the Western Roman Empire. Justinian sought to reconquer the lost Western Roman provinces and unify the Mediterranean world under Orthodox Christianity. Harun al-Rashid promoted trade, culture, and intellectual growth during his reign, known as the Islamic Golden Age.

Main Military Opponents

The Carolingian Empire faced threats from Saxon and Lombard tribes on its borders. The Byzantine Empire battled the Sassanid Persian Empire but also faced threats from Slavs and Bulgars. The Umayyad Caliphate encountered resistance from Byzantium in Asia Minor and from rebels in peripheral regions like Khurasan.

Achievements

The Carolingian Empire is renowned for its cultural and educational reforms. The Byzantine Empire experienced a revival in law, literature, architecture, and economy under Justinian. The Umayyad Caliphate became a center of trade, culture, and knowledge that influenced the medieval European Renaissance during Harun al-Rashid's reign.