Question

Как изменилось положение русского населения в Великом княжестве Литовском после заключения Кревской унии? Какими в этой ситуации представлялось будущее русских земель и надежды на возрождение Русского государства?

Answer 1

Кревская уния- соглашение о династическом союзе между Великим Княжеством Литовским и Польшей, по которому литовский великий князьЯгайло, вступив в брак с польской королевой Ядвигой, провозглашался польским королём.

Кревская уния была подписана 14 августа 1385 года в замке Крево (территория Сморгонского района современной Беларуси). Вследствие чего Ягайло взял на себя ряд обязательств: перевести Литву на латинский алфавит; использовать все возможные средства и способствовать возвращению утраченых Польшей Земель; увеличить количество пленных; перейти в католицизм и обратить к нему всех своих братьев, бояр, народ; присоединить к Польскому Королевству русские земли; выплатить бывшему жениху Ядвиги (Вильгельм (герцог Австрии)) 200 тыс. в качестве компенсации за нарушение брачного соглашения.

Войска, законодательство и судебная система, а также казна (включая денежную эмиссию) оставались раздельными, сохранялась и граница между государствами с взиманием таможенных сборов.

Последствия:

Подписание Кревской унии, хотя и вызвало волну недовольства части литовско-русской знати, стало этапом к прекращению борьбы между двумя государствами за юго-западные русские земли (последний этап войны за галицко-волынское наследство происходил в форме подавления совместными польско-литовскими усилиями самостоятельности князя Фёдора Любартовича) и способствовало расширению их границ до побережья Чёрного моря.

Условия Кревской унии (в 1401 году их уточнила Виленско-Радомская уния) действовали на протяжении 184 лет, вплоть до 1569 года, когда Великое Княжество Литовское и Королевство Польское подписали Люблинскую унию, объединившую оба государства в конфедеративную ограниченную избираемую монархию. А также одним из последствий Кревской унии было получение католическими феодалами дополнительных прав и вольностей.

Answer 2

Changes in the Position of the Russian Population in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the Conclusion of the Union of Krewo

The Union of Krewo, also known as the Kreva Union, was a significant event in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. It was a dynastic union that aimed to strengthen the ties between the two entities through a marriage alliance. The union was concluded in 1385 between Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania and Queen Jadwiga of Poland.

After the conclusion of the Union of Krewo, the position of the Russian population in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania underwent several changes. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Integration of Russian Territories: The Union of Krewo led to the integration of the Russian territories within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This included territories such as Smolensk, Bryansk, and Chernigov, which were predominantly inhabited by the Russian population.

2. Influence of Polish Culture and Administration: With the integration of Russian territories, the Russian population came under the influence of Polish culture and administration. Polish became the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Polish nobility played a significant role in the governance of the region.

3. Religious Changes: The Union of Krewo also had an impact on religious matters. As part of the union, Grand Duke Jogaila converted to Catholicism, which became the dominant religion in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This conversion had implications for the Russian Orthodox Church and its followers.

4. Social and Economic Changes: The integration of Russian territories into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania brought about social and economic changes. The Russian population became part of a larger multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, which influenced their social interactions and economic opportunities.

5. Cultural Exchange: The Union of Krewo facilitated a cultural exchange between the Russian and Polish populations. This exchange resulted in the adoption of certain elements of Polish culture by the Russian population, while also contributing to the preservation of Russian cultural traditions.

Hopes for the Future of Russian Lands and the Revival of the Russian State

The changes brought about by the Union of Krewo raised questions about the future of Russian lands and the hopes for the revival of the Russian state. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Continued Identity and Autonomy: Despite the integration into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Russian population maintained its distinct identity and cultural traditions. Russian nobility and clergy played a significant role in preserving Russian culture and traditions within the broader context of the Grand Duchy.

2. Hopes for Greater Autonomy: Some segments of the Russian population hoped for greater autonomy within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They sought to maintain their cultural and religious identity while having a degree of self-governance.

3. Desire for Independence: There were also individuals and groups within the Russian population who harbored hopes for the eventual independence of Russian lands from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the establishment of a separate Russian state.

4. Political and Dynastic Considerations: The future of Russian lands and the hopes for the revival of the Russian state were influenced by political and dynastic considerations. The changing alliances and power dynamics in the region played a role in shaping the aspirations of the Russian population.

It is important to note that the situation and perspectives of the Russian population in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the Union of Krewo were complex and varied. Different individuals and groups had different hopes and aspirations for the future of Russian lands and the revival of the Russian state.