Question

Какие решения Хрущёва в развитии сельского хозяйства можно считать волюнтаристскими? Обоснуйте ответ.

Answer 1

Ответ:

Объяснение:

Экономический волюнтаризм — произвольные решения в хозяйственной практике, пренебрегающие объективными условиями и научно обоснованными рекомендациями (в таком значении это слово официально употреблялось в СССР в 1964—1985 для оценки деятельности Н. С. Хрущёва. Волюнтаризм у Хрущева сводился к решению хозяйственных вопросов методами политико-административного характера.

Answer 2

Khrushchev's Solutions in Agricultural Development

Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, implemented several policies and initiatives aimed at developing and modernizing the agricultural sector. Some of these solutions can be considered voluntaristic due to their top-down approach and emphasis on rapid change. Let's explore these solutions in more detail:

1. Virgin Lands Campaign: One of Khrushchev's most significant initiatives was the Virgin Lands Campaign, launched in 1953. This campaign aimed to increase agricultural production by cultivating previously uncultivated lands in the Soviet Union, particularly in Kazakhstan and Siberia. The government encouraged volunteers to migrate to these regions and provided them with resources and support to establish new farms. The campaign relied heavily on the enthusiasm and voluntary participation of the people.

2. Corn Cultivation: Khrushchev also promoted the cultivation of corn as a staple crop in the Soviet Union. He believed that corn could significantly increase grain production and help meet the growing demand for food. The government encouraged farmers to switch from traditional crops to corn and provided them with incentives such as higher prices and preferential treatment in resource allocation. This policy was implemented through top-down directives and relied on the voluntary compliance of farmers.

3. State Farms and Collective Farms: Khrushchev aimed to consolidate small individual farms into larger state farms and collective farms. This consolidation was intended to increase efficiency, mechanization, and specialization in agriculture. The government encouraged farmers to voluntarily join these larger farms by offering them benefits such as access to modern machinery, technical support, and improved living conditions. However, the implementation of this policy was often coercive, with some farmers being forced to join collective farms against their will.

4. Intensification of Agriculture: Khrushchev emphasized the intensification of agricultural production through the use of modern technologies, such as tractors, fertilizers, and irrigation systems. The government promoted the adoption of these technologies by providing subsidies, loans, and technical assistance to farmers. While the adoption of modern techniques was voluntary, the pressure to increase production often led to a top-down approach, with the government setting production targets and farmers being expected to meet them.

In summary, Khrushchev's solutions in agricultural development can be considered voluntaristic to some extent. While some initiatives relied on voluntary participation and incentives, others involved top-down directives and coercive measures. The emphasis on rapid change and the consolidation of farms also reflected a voluntaristic approach. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness and long-term impact of these solutions varied, and they were not without challenges and shortcomings.