Question

Укажите, какая идея впервые возникла в эпоху Просвещения. Разделения властей на законодательную, исполнительную и судебную. Борьбы крестьян с феодалами. Важности наблюдений и опыта для изучения явлений природы. Высшей ценности человека как личности.

Answer 1

разделение властей на судебную законодательную и исполнительную

Answer 2

The Idea that First Emerged during the Enlightenment

During the Enlightenment, several ideas emerged that had a significant impact on society and shaped the modern world. One of the key ideas that emerged during this period was the concept of separation of powers. This idea proposed that the powers of government should be divided into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This division was seen as a way to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a single individual or group and to ensure a system of checks and balances.

The idea of the separation of powers can be traced back to the works of political philosophers such as John Locke and Montesquieu. John Locke, an influential Enlightenment thinker, argued for the separation of powers as a means to protect individual rights and prevent tyranny. Montesquieu, another prominent Enlightenment philosopher, further developed this idea in his book "The Spirit of the Laws," where he advocated for a system of government with separate branches that would act as a check on one another.

Other Ideas of the Enlightenment

In addition to the concept of the separation of powers, the Enlightenment also gave rise to several other important ideas and movements. These include:

1. Struggles of Peasants against Feudalism: The Enlightenment period witnessed a growing awareness of the injustices and inequalities of the feudal system. Peasants and lower classes began to challenge the authority of feudal lords and demand greater rights and freedoms. This led to social and political movements that aimed to dismantle feudalism and establish more egalitarian societies.

2. Importance of Observation and Experience in the Study of Nature: The Enlightenment emphasized the importance of empirical observation and experience in understanding the natural world. This shift in thinking led to the development of modern scientific methods and the rise of empirical sciences. Thinkers such as Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton advocated for the use of observation, experimentation, and reason to uncover the laws governing nature.

3. Human Beings as the Highest Value: The Enlightenment placed a strong emphasis on the value and dignity of the individual. Thinkers like Immanuel Kant argued that human beings have inherent worth and should be treated with respect and dignity. This idea laid the foundation for the development of human rights and the belief in the equality of all individuals.

Conclusion

The Enlightenment was a period of intellectual and philosophical transformation that gave rise to several groundbreaking ideas. The concept of the separation of powers, which aimed to prevent the concentration of power and ensure checks and balances within government, was one of the key ideas that emerged during this period. Other important ideas included the struggles of peasants against feudalism, the importance of observation and experience in the study of nature, and the belief in the inherent value and dignity of human beings. These ideas continue to shape our understanding of politics, science, and human rights to this day.