Question

№1.Сколько орбиталей второго энергетического уровня атома не участвует в sp-гибридизации; в sp2-гибридизации; в sp3-гибрилизации?№2Чему равны углы между осями углеродного атома для:а) sp2-гибридных орбиталейб)sp-гибридных орбиталейв) sp-гибридной и p-орбиталиг)негибридых p-орбиталейд)sp3-гибридных орбиталей?

Answer 1

1.

sp-гибридизация: гибридизация одной s и одной p орбитали. На втором уровне имеется одна s орбиталь и три p-орбитали. Значит в sp-гибридизации не учавствуют две р-орбитали.

Соответсвенно в sp2-гибридизации не участвует одна р-орбиталь, а в sp3 - участвуют все орбитали (одна s и 3 р).

2.

а) Углы между sp2-гибридными орбиталями равны 120 градсов.

б) Углы между sp-гибридными орбиталями равны 180 градусов.

в) Углы между sp-гибридной орбиталью и негибридными р-орбиталями равны 90 градусов.

г) Углы между негибридными р-орбиталями равны 90 градусов.

д) Углы между sp3-гибридными орбиталями равны 109 градусов 28 минут.

Answer 2

Number of Orbitals in Different Hybridizations

The number of orbitals involved in different hybridizations can be determined by considering the number of atomic orbitals that are combined to form hybrid orbitals. Here are the numbers of orbitals involved in sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridizations:

1. sp hybridization: In sp hybridization, one s orbital and one p orbital combine to form two sp hybrid orbitals. The remaining two p orbitals do not participate in hybridization. Therefore, two orbitals do not participate in sp hybridization [[1]].

2. sp2 hybridization: In sp2 hybridization, one s orbital and two p orbitals combine to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals. One p orbital remains unhybridized. Therefore, one orbital does not participate in sp2 hybridization [[2]].

3. sp3 hybridization: In sp3 hybridization, one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals. No p orbitals remain unhybridized. Therefore, zero orbitals do not participate in sp3 hybridization [[3]].

Angles between Carbon Atom Axes in Different Hybridizations

The angles between the axes of carbon atoms in different hybridizations can be determined by considering the geometry of the hybrid orbitals. Here are the angles for different hybridizations:

a) sp2 hybrid orbitals: In sp2 hybridization, the three sp2 hybrid orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry. The angles between the axes of the carbon atoms in sp2 hybridization are approximately 120 degrees [[4]].

b) sp hybrid orbitals: In sp hybridization, the two sp hybrid orbitals are arranged in a linear geometry. Therefore, the angle between the axes of the carbon atoms in sp hybridization is 180 degrees [[5]].

c) sp hybrid orbital and p orbital: The angle between the axis of an sp hybrid orbital and a p orbital is 180 degrees because they are arranged in a linear geometry [[6]].

d) Non-hybridized p orbitals: Non-hybridized p orbitals have a dumbbell shape and are oriented perpendicular to each other. Therefore, the angle between the axes of two non-hybridized p orbitals is 90 degrees [[7]].

e) sp3 hybrid orbitals: In sp3 hybridization, the four sp3 hybrid orbitals are arranged in a tetrahedral geometry. The angles between the axes of the carbon atoms in sp3 hybridization are approximately 109.5 degrees [[8]].

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