Question

Гибридизация sp3,sp2,sp+примеры

Answer 1

Примеры из органики
sp3 у алканов, образуется при смешении одной s и трех p орбиталей, угол примерно 109°, длина связи 1,54 пм, форма молекулы - тетраэдр
sp2 у алкенов, образуется при смешении одной s и двух р орбиталей, угол примерно 120°, длина связи 1,34 пм, форма молекулы - плоскостная
sp у алкинов, образуется при смешении одной s и одной р орбиталей, угол примерно 180°, длина связи 1,2 пм, форма молекулы - линейная

Answer 2

Hybridization: sp3, sp2, sp

Hybridization is a concept in chemistry that describes the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals have different shapes and energies compared to the original atomic orbitals. The most common types of hybridization are sp3, sp2, and sp.

sp3 hybridization occurs when one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are arranged in a tetrahedral geometry, with bond angles of approximately 109.5 degrees. Examples of molecules that exhibit sp3 hybridization include methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3).

sp2 hybridization occurs when one s orbital and two p orbitals combine to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals. The remaining p orbital remains unhybridized and perpendicular to the plane formed by the sp2 hybrid orbitals. This results in a trigonal planar geometry, with bond angles of approximately 120 degrees. Examples of molecules that exhibit sp2 hybridization include ethene (C2H4) and boron trichloride (BCl3).

sp hybridization occurs when one s orbital and one p orbital combine to form two sp hybrid orbitals. The remaining two p orbitals remain unhybridized and perpendicular to each other. This results in a linear geometry, with bond angles of 180 degrees. Examples of molecules that exhibit sp hybridization include acetylene (C2H2) and beryllium chloride (BeCl2).

In summary: - sp3 hybridization results in tetrahedral geometry with bond angles of approximately 109.5 degrees. - sp2 hybridization results in trigonal planar geometry with bond angles of approximately 120 degrees. - sp hybridization results in linear geometry with bond angles of 180 degrees.

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