Question

Как объяснить что спирты проявляют кислотные свойства хотя сами не являются кислотами?

Answer 1

Кислотные свойства спирт проявляет в реакциях с активными металлами - образуются соли спирта этилаты 2С2Н5ОН + 2Na = 2C2H5ONa + H2 Кислотные свойства - это не обязательно реакция со щелочью (со щелочью как раз этиловый спирт не реагирует, реагируют другие, например, двухатомные спирты) . Кислотные свойства, если говорить просто, соответствуют разрыву связи О-Н, т. е отщеплению (замещению) водорода.

Answer 2

Explanation of how alcohols exhibit acidic properties despite not being acids

Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. While alcohols are not classified as acids, they can still exhibit acidic properties. This is because the hydroxyl group in alcohols can donate a proton (H+) to a base, making them weak acids.

The acidity of an alcohol is determined by the stability of the resulting alkoxide ion (R-O-) after the loss of a proton. The stability of the alkoxide ion depends on the electron-donating or electron-withdrawing nature of the alkyl group attached to the hydroxyl group. Electron-withdrawing groups increase the acidity of the alcohol, while electron-donating groups decrease it.

When an alcohol donates a proton, it forms an alkoxide ion and a water molecule. The alkoxide ion can then react with a base to form a salt. This process is similar to the behavior of acids, which also donate protons to bases.

It's important to note that alcohols are generally weaker acids compared to typical mineral acids, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The acidity of alcohols is typically measured using the pKa value, which represents the tendency of the alcohol to donate a proton. Alcohols generally have pKa values in the range of 15-18, while mineral acids have much lower pKa values, indicating stronger acidity.

In summary, while alcohols are not classified as acids, they can still exhibit acidic properties due to the ability of the hydroxyl group to donate a proton. The acidity of alcohols is influenced by the stability of the resulting alkoxide ion, which is determined by the nature of the alkyl group attached to the hydroxyl group.