Question

Какие модели атомов вам известны? в чём их суть, в чём недостатки?

Answer 1

А́том (от др. -греч. ἄτομος — неделимый) — наименьшая химически неделимая часть химического элемента, являющаяся носителем его свойств [1]. Атом состоит из атомного ядра и электронов. Ядро атома состоит из положительно заряженных протонов и незаряженных нейтронов. Если число протонов в ядре совпадает с числом электронов, то атом в целом оказывается электрически нейтральным. В противном случае он обладает некоторым положительным или отрицательным зарядом и называется ионом. Атомы классифицируются по количеству протонов и нейтронов в ядре: количество протонов определяет принадлежность атома некоторому химическому элементу, а число нейтронов — изотопу этого элемента. Атомы различного вида в разных количествах, связанные межатомными связями, образуют молекул

Answer 2

Atomic Models

There are several models of the atom that have been proposed throughout history. Some of the most well-known models include:

1. Dalton's Atomic Model: - Proposed by John Dalton in the early 19th century. - Suggested that atoms are indivisible and indestructible particles. - Lacked explanation for the existence of subatomic particles. - Source: 2. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model: - Proposed by J.J. Thomson in 1904. - Suggested that atoms are composed of a positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons embedded within it. - Failed to explain the arrangement of electrons within the atom. - Source: 3. Rutherford's Nuclear Model: - Proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911. - Suggested that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus, with electrons orbiting around it. - Could not explain the stability of the atom or the arrangement of electrons. - Source: 4. Bohr's Atomic Model: - Proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913. - Suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells. - Failed to fully explain the behavior of atoms with more than one electron. - Source: 5. Quantum Mechanical Model: - Developed in the early 20th century. - Describes the behavior of electrons in atoms using probability distributions. - Challenges the classical idea of definite electron orbits. - Source: 6. Modern Atomic Model: - Based on the quantum mechanical model. - Describes the atom as a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. - Provides a more accurate description of the behavior of electrons in atoms. - Source: Each model has contributed to our understanding of the atom, with later models building upon the limitations of earlier ones. The modern atomic model, based on quantum mechanics, is the most widely accepted model today.