Question

Почему безработица сопутствует экономике? кто относится в категории занятых и безработных? как определить уровень безработицы в стране? чем вызвана безработица? каковы экономические и социальные последствия безработицы? как государство обеспечивает занятость?

Answer 1

1) Незанятые (безработные): вышедшие на пенсию; домохозяйки; бродяги; люди прекратившие работать и не ищущие работу вновь; неработающие студенты и т.д.)
Занятые: люди, которые могут работать и хотят. 
2) Уровень б/р представляет собой отношение численность безработных к общей численности раб.силы. 
3) ( если б.р. вызвана нехваткой рб мест)
К отрицательным последствиям относится: 
Усиление социальной напряженности. 
Увеличение социальной дифференциации.
Сокращение производства.
Затраты на помощь бр.
К положительным:
Увеличение социальной значимости и ценности труда.
Конкуренция между работниками как стимул к развитию способностей к труду.
4) Создание новых рб мест через расширение предприятий или создание новых;
Бесплатные курсы повышения квалификации, необходимые для получение рб места. 
и др.

Answer 2

Why does unemployment accompany the economy?

Unemployment is a complex issue that is closely tied to the overall state of the economy. When the economy is in a downturn or experiencing a recession, businesses may struggle, leading to a decrease in demand for goods and services. As a result, companies may need to reduce their workforce or even shut down, leading to job losses and an increase in unemployment rates.

During economic downturns, consumers may also reduce their spending, which can further impact businesses and lead to job losses. Additionally, companies may be hesitant to invest in new projects or hire new employees during uncertain economic times, contributing to higher unemployment rates.

Who falls into the categories of employed and unemployed?

In general, individuals who are considered employed are those who have a job and are currently working. This includes both full-time and part-time workers. On the other hand, individuals who are considered unemployed are those who do not have a job but are actively seeking employment.

It's important to note that the criteria for determining employment and unemployment may vary slightly between countries and organizations. For example, some countries may consider individuals who are working part-time but would like to work full-time as underemployed rather than unemployed.

How is the unemployment rate determined in a country?

The unemployment rate is a key indicator used to measure the level of unemployment in a country. It is typically calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by the total labor force and multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage.

The labor force includes both employed and unemployed individuals who are of working age and actively seeking employment. The specific methodology for calculating the unemployment rate may vary between countries, but the general concept remains the same.

What causes unemployment?

Unemployment can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Economic downturns: During recessions or economic contractions, businesses may struggle, leading to job losses and higher unemployment rates. 2. Technological advancements: Automation and technological advancements can lead to job displacement, as certain tasks become automated and require fewer human workers. 3. Structural changes: Changes in industries or shifts in the economy can result in certain jobs becoming obsolete or less in demand, leading to unemployment in those sectors. 4. Globalization: Increased competition from foreign markets can impact domestic industries, leading to job losses and unemployment. 5. Mismatch of skills: There may be a mismatch between the skills possessed by job seekers and the skills demanded by employers, resulting in unemployment.

It's important to note that unemployment is a complex issue influenced by a combination of these factors and can vary across different countries and regions.

What are the economic and social consequences of unemployment?

Unemployment can have significant economic and social consequences. Some of the key impacts include:

1. Economic costs: Unemployment can lead to a decrease in consumer spending, which can negatively impact businesses and economic growth. It can also result in a decrease in tax revenues for governments and an increase in social welfare expenditures. 2. Poverty and inequality: Unemployment can push individuals and families into poverty, as they may struggle to meet their basic needs without a steady income. It can also contribute to income inequality within society. 3. Social unrest: High levels of unemployment can lead to social unrest and dissatisfaction, as individuals may feel frustrated and marginalized. 4. Health and well-being: Unemployment can have negative effects on mental and physical health, as individuals may experience stress, anxiety, and a loss of self-esteem. 5. Skills erosion: Prolonged unemployment can lead to a loss of skills and work experience, making it more difficult for individuals to re-enter the workforce in the future.

How does the government ensure employment?

Governments employ various strategies and policies to promote employment and reduce unemployment. Some common approaches include:

1. Fiscal policies: Governments can use fiscal policies, such as tax incentives or subsidies, to encourage businesses to invest, expand, and create jobs. 2. Monetary policies: Central banks can implement monetary policies, such as adjusting interest rates, to stimulate economic growth and encourage businesses to invest and hire. 3. Labor market policies: Governments can implement labor market policies, such as job training programs, apprenticeships, and job placement services, to enhance the skills of job seekers and facilitate their transition into employment. 4. Infrastructure investment: Governments can invest in infrastructure projects, such as building roads, bridges, and public facilities, which can create jobs and stimulate economic activity. 5. Support for entrepreneurship: Governments can provide support and incentives for entrepreneurs and small businesses, as they are often significant job creators.

It's important to note that the specific strategies employed by governments may vary depending on the country's economic conditions, political priorities, and available resources.