Question

СРОЧНО 50 БАЛЛОВ, обществознание Американские социологи П. Бергер и Т.Лукман важнейшим условием формирования социального института называли необходимость его легитимации, то есть «пояснения» и «оправдания» его существования для новых поколений. Они отметили, что дети не могут осмыслить окружающий социальный мир, опираясь на воспоминания о тех обстоятельствах, при которых социальные институты или их части были образованы, поэтому возникает потребность в интерпретации социального института. Так, господство мужчины объясняется или физиологически – «он сильный» и сможет обеспечивать свою семью средствами существования, или мифологически – «бог сотворил мужчину, а из его ребра – женщину». Развивающийся институционный порядок как крыша, с которым следующие поколения знакомятся в процессе социализации. Таким образом, анализ знаний человека о социальных институтах является частью социального порядка. Это могут быть знания на дотеоретическом уровне в виде пословиц, поучений, верований, мифов, а также сложные теоретические понятия. В данном случае не имеет существенного значения, отвечают ли они действительности. Приведите известные вам объяснения (услышанные от родителей, бабушек, из телевидения, газет, учителей, друзей...), которые оправдывают существование и доказывают необходимость следующих позиций: 1. утверждение национальных праздников; 2. выбор депутатов; 3. сохранение института президентства; 4. получение высшего образования; 5. регистрация брака; 6. соблюдение очереди в магазине; 7. переход улицы в указанном месте; 8. приобретение билета в общественном транспорте. Выполните задание (т.е. дайте объяснения) в письменном виде.

Answer 1

1. утверждение национальных праздников;
Национальные праздники способствуют сплочению людей в масштабах страны.

2. выбор депутатов;
Выбор депутатов - это надежда на перемены к лучшему.

3. сохранение института президентства;
России нужен президент, потому что она нуждается в «сильной руке».

4. получение высшего образования;
Люди с высшим образованием зарабатывают больше, чем те, у кого его нет.

5. регистрация брака;
Детей лучше рожать в зарегистрированном браке, иначе придётся больше мучаться с бюрократией.

6. соблюдение очереди в магазине;
Соблюдение очереди в магазине - это социальная справедливость.

7. переход улицы в указанном месте;
Переход улицы в указанном месте гарантирует безопасность, а нарушение этого правила - административное наказание.

8. приобретение билета в общественном транспорте.
Оплачивать билет в общественном транспорте - это обязанность пассажира.

Answer 2

According to American sociologists P. Berger and T. Luckmann, one of the most important conditions for the formation of a social institution is the need for its legitimation, which means providing "explanations" and "justifications" for its existence to new generations. They noted that children cannot understand the surrounding social world based on memories of the circumstances under which social institutions or their parts were formed, hence the need for the interpretation of a social institution. For example, the dominance of men can be explained either physiologically - "he is strong" and can provide for his family, or mythologically - "God created man, and woman from his rib." The developing institutional order serves as a roof with which the next generations become familiar during the process of socialization. Therefore, the analysis of a person's knowledge about social institutions is part of the social order. This knowledge can be at a pre-theoretical level in the form of proverbs, teachings, beliefs, myths, as well as complex theoretical concepts. In this case, it is not essential whether they correspond to reality [[1]].

Now let's provide explanations for the necessity and justification of the following positions:

1. Assertion of national holidays:

National holidays are important for several reasons. They serve as a way to commemorate and celebrate significant events in a nation's history, culture, or achievements. National holidays help foster a sense of unity, pride, and identity among citizens. They provide an opportunity for people to come together, reflect on shared values, and strengthen social cohesion. Additionally, national holidays often have symbolic meanings and can serve as a reminder of the sacrifices made by previous generations for the well-being and progress of the nation [[2]].

2. Election of deputies:

The election of deputies is crucial for a democratic society. It allows citizens to participate in the political process and have a say in the decision-making that affects their lives. By electing deputies, people can choose representatives who will voice their concerns, advocate for their interests, and make decisions on their behalf. Elections provide a mechanism for accountability and ensure that power is distributed among different individuals and groups. They contribute to the legitimacy of the political system and help maintain a balance of power [[3]].

3. Preservation of the institution of the presidency:

Preserving the institution of the presidency is important for the functioning of a country's political system. The presidency represents the executive branch of government and plays a crucial role in the governance and administration of a nation. The president is responsible for making important decisions, implementing policies, and representing the country both domestically and internationally. The institution of the presidency provides stability, continuity, and leadership in times of crisis or transition. It also serves as a symbol of national unity and represents the collective will of the people [[4]].

4. Pursuit of higher education:

Obtaining a higher education is often seen as essential for personal and professional development. Higher education provides individuals with knowledge, skills, and qualifications that can enhance their career prospects and open up opportunities for advancement. It fosters critical thinking, intellectual growth, and the acquisition of specialized knowledge in various fields. Higher education also contributes to the development of a knowledgeable and skilled workforce, which is crucial for economic growth and innovation. Additionally, it promotes social mobility and equal opportunities by providing access to education for individuals from diverse backgrounds [[5]].

5. Marriage registration:

The registration of marriage serves several purposes. It provides legal recognition and protection to the union between two individuals. Marriage registration establishes the rights and responsibilities of spouses, such as inheritance, property rights, and access to benefits and privileges. It also ensures that marriages are conducted in accordance with the law and helps prevent fraudulent or forced marriages. Marriage registration contributes to social stability, family formation, and the protection of individuals' rights within the institution of marriage [[6]].

6. Observance of queues in stores:

Observing queues in stores is important for maintaining order, fairness, and efficiency in the distribution of goods and services. Queues ensure that customers are served in a systematic and organized manner, preventing chaos and conflicts. They promote a sense of fairness by ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to access products or services. Observing queues also helps businesses manage customer flow, reduce waiting times, and provide a better customer experience. It is a social norm that facilitates cooperation, respect for others, and the smooth functioning of commercial transactions [[7]].

7. Crossing the street at designated locations:

Crossing the street at designated locations, such as crosswalks or pedestrian crossings, is essential for pedestrian safety and traffic management. Designated crossing points are specifically designed and marked to ensure the visibility and predictability of pedestrians for drivers. By crossing at designated locations, pedestrians can reduce the risk of accidents and collisions with vehicles. It also helps maintain the flow of traffic and prevents disruptions or congestion. Following this practice contributes to the overall safety and efficiency of transportation systems [[8]].

8. Purchasing tickets in public transportation:

Purchasing tickets in public transportation is necessary to support the operation and maintenance of transportation services. Ticket sales generate revenue that can be used to cover the costs of fuel, maintenance, infrastructure, and personnel. By purchasing tickets, passengers contribute to the financial sustainability of public transportation systems and ensure their continued availability. It also helps regulate passenger flow, prevent fare evasion, and maintain a fair and equitable system for all users. Purchasing tickets is a legal and ethical obligation that supports the provision of reliable and accessible transportation options [[9]].

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.