Question

Реферат на тему великие открытия в медицине на английском​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Medicine is the field of applied science which has become one of the most important necessities in up-to-date world. The word “medicine” has a Latin origin. It means “the art of healing”. Indeed, it is the branch of science that helps to treat the diseases. It also includes the diagnosis and possible prevention. Today, medicine is not only the health science branch, but the sector of public life. Millions of people every day visit doctors to maintain their health. The treatment they receive depends on the disease and its complications. For example, some people simply diet to recover, some – exercise, some – take prescribed drugs and in more complicated cases surgery is required.

There are different types of medicine. The most frequently practiced ones are conventional and herbal medicine.

Conventional medicine has long been practiced. It’s a system in which health professionals use drugs to treat symptoms and or diseases. Radiation and surgery are also used in conventional medicine. This type of medicine excludes homeopathy, acupuncture and aromatherapy. According to many scientists it’s the most appropriate system of medical care.

Herbal medicine or herbalism relies on different types of plants, including plant seeds, roots, berries, tree leaves and bark, flowers, etc. This type of medicine is becoming more mainstream and up-to-date. Numerous researches show that herbs can fully cure or prevent certain diseases, such as cough, sore throat, tooth ache, migraine, fever, arthritis, eczema, asthma and many others.

Compared with previous centuries, modern medicine has made a great progress. While in ancient times only herbalism was used to treat people and other living organisms, Middle Ages introduced some public hospitals. The father of medicine was the great philosopher and physician Hippocrates. Modern times were characterized by the separation of veterinary medicine from the human one. A major change in the field of medicine was brought by Alexander Fleming. It was him, who discovered penicillin and started the era of modern antibiotics. Since recent times pharmacology has become increasingly sophisticated. While in the past outbreaks of such diseases like cholera or plague led to death, today most infectious diseases and epidemics can be cured.

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Title: Great Medical Discoveries

Introduction: Medical science has witnessed remarkable advancements throughout history, with groundbreaking discoveries and innovations that have transformed the way we understand, diagnose, and treat various diseases and conditions. This paper explores some of the greatest medical discoveries that have had a profound impact on healthcare and human well-being.

1. Discovery of Penicillin (1928): One of the most significant medical breakthroughs was the discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. This accidental discovery revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was able to kill a wide range of harmful bacteria, saving countless lives and paving the way for the development of numerous other antibiotics.

2. Mapping the Human Genome (2003): The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, marked a monumental achievement in genetics and medicine. Researchers successfully sequenced the entire human genome, providing insights into the genetic basis of diseases and offering new avenues for personalized medicine. This breakthrough has led to better understanding and treatment of genetic disorders and a deeper comprehension of the role genetics plays in health and disease.

3. Discovery of Insulin (1921): Before the discovery of insulin by Frederick Banting and Charles Best in 1921, diabetes was often a death sentence. The isolation and use of insulin revolutionized the treatment of diabetes, enabling patients to manage their condition and lead healthier lives. This discovery laid the foundation for further research into endocrinology and hormone therapies.

4. Development of Vaccines (18th - 20th century): The development of vaccines has been instrumental in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Edward Jenner's creation of the smallpox vaccine in the late 18th century marked the beginning of vaccination science. Subsequent advances, such as Jonas Salk's polio vaccine and the modern-day development of vaccines against diseases like measles, mumps, rubella, and influenza, have played a vital role in global health and disease prevention.

5. Advances in Anesthesia (19th century): The introduction of anesthesia transformed surgical procedures from agonizing ordeals into manageable and safer interventions. The work of pioneers like Crawford Long, William Morton, and John Snow led to the development and use of ether and chloroform, making surgery more feasible, less painful, and ultimately saving countless lives.

6. Discovery of the Structure of DNA (1953): James Watson and Francis Crick's elucidation of the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953 laid the foundation for the field of molecular biology. This discovery unlocked the secrets of how genetic information is stored and transmitted, fueling advances in genetics, genomics, and biotechnology. It also paved the way for the understanding of genetic mutations and their role in diseases like cancer.

Conclusion: The history of medicine is characterized by remarkable discoveries that have revolutionized healthcare practices and improved human lives. From the accidental discovery of penicillin to the mapping of the human genome, these breakthroughs have reshaped our understanding of diseases, their treatments, and our capacity to prevent them. As medical science continues to advance, these foundational discoveries serve as a testament to human ingenuity and the pursuit of better health for all.