Question

Византия. быт и нравы

Answer 1

Быт- характеризуется сочетанием архаичных позднеантичных черт с христианской религиозностью
нравы - становление норм и предрассудков Византийской эстетики, большая часть принципов с которых господствует до сей поры и в нашем обществе  

Answer 2

Byzantine Society: Daily Life and Customs

Byzantium, also known as the Byzantine Empire, was a continuation of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean region. It existed from the 4th century AD until the 15th century AD, with its capital in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). The Byzantine Empire had a rich culture and a distinct way of life. Let's explore some aspects of Byzantine society, daily life, and customs.

1. Social Structure and Classes: The Byzantine society was hierarchical, with a clear social structure. At the top was the emperor, followed by the aristocracy, clergy, and military officials. The middle class consisted of merchants, artisans, and professionals, while the majority of the population were peasants and laborers.

2. Religion and the Orthodox Church: Religion played a significant role in Byzantine society. The Byzantines were predominantly Christians, and the Orthodox Church was the official state religion. The emperor was considered the head of the church and had authority over religious matters. Religious ceremonies, such as the Divine Liturgy, were an integral part of daily life.

3. Education and Literature: Education was highly valued in Byzantine society, and literacy rates were relatively high compared to other medieval societies. The Byzantines preserved and transmitted ancient Greek and Roman literature, philosophy, and science. Byzantine scholars produced works in various fields, including history, theology, philosophy, and poetry.

4. Byzantine Art and Architecture: Byzantine art and architecture were characterized by a fusion of Roman, Greek, and Eastern influences. Iconography played a central role in religious art, with icons being used for worship and veneration. Byzantine architecture is best known for its magnificent churches, such as the Hagia Sophia, which featured domes, mosaics, and intricate decorations.

5. Byzantine Law and Administration: The Byzantine Empire had a well-developed legal system and a complex administrative structure. The emperor was the ultimate authority and was assisted by a bureaucracy that governed the empire. Byzantine law influenced later legal systems, including the Justinian Code, which codified Roman law.

6. Daily Life and Customs: In terms of daily life, Byzantine society was centered around the family. The family unit was considered the foundation of society, and marriage was an important institution. Byzantines enjoyed various forms of entertainment, including chariot races, theater performances, and public spectacles. Bathhouses and public baths were popular social gathering places.

7. Byzantine Cuisine: Byzantine cuisine was influenced by both Greek and Roman culinary traditions. The diet consisted of a variety of foods, including grains, vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, and dairy products. Spices and herbs were used to enhance the flavors of dishes. Byzantines also enjoyed sweet treats such as honey-based desserts and pastries.

8. Decline and Fall: The Byzantine Empire faced numerous challenges throughout its existence, including invasions by various barbarian groups, conflicts with neighboring powers, and internal political struggles. The empire finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of Byzantium.

Please note that this is just a brief overview of Byzantine society, daily life, and customs. The Byzantine Empire had a complex and rich history that spanned over a thousand years, and there is much more to explore and learn about this fascinating civilization.