Question

Распределите причины крестовых походов на две категории. В политические и социально-экономические. 1)Нахватка земли сред феодалов(младшие сыновья феодалов практически: были без земли) 2)Стремленье итальянских городов-республик (Венеция и Генуя) утвердиться на берегах Средиземного моря и контролировать торговые пути в Месопотамию, Аравию и Индию. 3)Стремление Римских пап расширить сферу своего влияния и получить новые источники доходов. 4)Непрекращающие феодальные войны и междоусобицы внутри Европы. 5)Византия просит у Западной Европы в борьбе с турками-сельджуками.

Answer 1

Политические:4.
Социально-экономические:1, 2, 3 и 5.

Answer 2

Causes of the Crusades

The causes of the Crusades can be categorized into political and socio-economic factors. Here is a breakdown of the causes:

Political Causes

1. Desire for territorial expansion: One of the political causes of the Crusades was the desire for territorial expansion. Feudal lords, particularly younger sons of nobles, sought to acquire land and wealth through military conquest. The limited availability of land within Europe led to a competition for new territories.

2. Italian city-states' ambitions: The Italian city-states, such as Venice and Genoa, aimed to establish dominance along the Mediterranean coast and control the trade routes to the Middle East. They sought to secure their economic interests and expand their influence in regions like Mesopotamia, Arabia, and India.

3. Expansion of papal influence: The Roman Catholic Church, led by the popes, sought to extend its sphere of influence and gain new sources of income. The Crusades provided an opportunity for the papacy to assert its authority over both religious and secular matters.

Socio-economic Causes

1. Continual feudal warfare: Europe during the time of the Crusades was marked by frequent feudal wars and internal conflicts. The Crusades offered an outlet for the restless knights and nobles, redirecting their aggression towards a common enemy and providing an opportunity for personal gain.

2. Appeal from Byzantium: The Byzantine Empire, facing threats from the Seljuk Turks, sought assistance from Western Europe. Byzantium's request for help against the Turks played a role in mobilizing the Crusaders.

It is important to note that the causes of the Crusades were complex and multifaceted. While the factors mentioned above played significant roles, other religious, cultural, and social factors also contributed to the initiation and continuation of the Crusades.

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