Question

Отметьте цифрой 1 причины Польского восстания 1830 г. ; цифрой 2 - его последствия. 1. Несоблюдение царскими властями конституции 1815 года. 2.Закрытие Варшавского университета. 3.Русификация польского населения. 4.Произвол царского наместника цесаревича Константина. 5.Массовые преследования поляков, недовольных властью российского императора. 6.Отмена конституции 1815 года. 7.Введение "Органического статуса", по которому Польша была лишена сейма. 8.Строительство укреплённой цитадели рядом с Варшавой. 9.Возникновение тайных патриотических обществ с целью отделения Польши от России. 10. Влияние французской и бельгийской революции на национально - патриотическое движение.

Answer 1

(Первая цифра - номер, вторая - причина/последствие)
1. 1; 2. 1; 3. 1; 4. 1; 5. 1; 6. 1; 7. 1; 8. 2; 9. 2; 10. 1;

Answer 2

Causes of the Polish Uprising of 1830:

The Polish Uprising of 1830 was a major rebellion against Russian rule in the Kingdom of Poland. The uprising was driven by a combination of political, social, and cultural factors. Here are some of the key causes of the Polish Uprising of 1830:

1. Violation of the Constitution of 1815: The Russian authorities failed to uphold the provisions of the Constitution of 1815, which had granted Poland a degree of autonomy within the Russian Empire. This violation of the constitution led to growing discontent among the Polish population [[1]].

2. Closure of the University of Warsaw: The Russian authorities closed the University of Warsaw in 1830, which was seen as a direct attack on Polish intellectual and cultural life. This action further fueled nationalist sentiments and contributed to the growing unrest [[2]].

3. Russification of the Polish population: The Russian government implemented policies aimed at suppressing Polish culture and promoting Russian language and customs. This policy of Russification was deeply resented by the Polish population and contributed to the desire for independence [[3]].

4. Arbitrary rule of Grand Duke Constantine: Grand Duke Constantine, the brother of the Russian Tsar, was appointed as the viceroy of Poland. His oppressive and arbitrary rule, characterized by censorship, repression, and corruption, further fueled the discontent among the Polish people [[4]].

5. Persecution of dissidents: The Russian authorities carried out mass persecutions of Poles who were critical of the Russian Emperor's rule. These persecutions targeted intellectuals, activists, and anyone who expressed dissatisfaction with the Russian regime [[5]].

6. Abolition of the Constitution of 1815: In 1830, the Russian authorities officially abolished the Constitution of 1815, which further eroded the limited autonomy that Poland had enjoyed within the Russian Empire. This move was seen as a direct attack on Polish national identity and fueled the desire for independence [[6]].

7. Introduction of the "Organic Statute": The Russian government introduced the "Organic Statute" in 1832, which effectively stripped Poland of its parliamentary representation and reduced it to a mere province of the Russian Empire. This move further intensified the desire for independence among the Polish population [[7]].

8. Construction of a fortified citadel near Warsaw: The Russian authorities constructed a heavily fortified citadel near Warsaw, which was seen as a symbol of Russian military dominance and control over Poland. This construction project further antagonized the Polish population and contributed to the desire for independence [[8]].

9. Emergence of secret patriotic societies: In response to the repressive Russian rule, secret patriotic societies emerged in Poland with the goal of achieving independence from Russia. These societies played a significant role in organizing and leading the uprising [[9]].

10. Influence of French and Belgian revolutions: The Polish Uprising of 1830 was influenced by the ideals and events of the French and Belgian revolutions. The success of these revolutions in achieving independence and national sovereignty inspired the Polish nationalists and contributed to the rise of the national-patriotic movement in Poland [[10]].

Consequences of the Polish Uprising of 1830:

The Polish Uprising of 1830 had significant consequences for both Poland and the Russian Empire. Here are some of the key consequences of the uprising:

1. Suppression of the uprising: The Russian Empire eventually suppressed the Polish Uprising of 1830 after a year of intense fighting. The uprising was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its goal of Polish independence [[1]].

2. Repression and punishment: Following the suppression of the uprising, the Russian authorities implemented a policy of harsh repression and punishment. Thousands of Poles were executed, imprisoned, or exiled to Siberia as a result of their involvement in the uprising [[1]].

3. Increased Russification: In response to the uprising, the Russian government intensified its efforts to suppress Polish culture and promote Russian language and customs. This led to further Russification of the Polish population [[3]].

4. Migration and emigration: The Polish Uprising of 1830 led to a significant wave of migration and emigration. Many Poles fled the country, seeking refuge in other European countries, particularly France, where they continued to advocate for Polish independence [[1]].

5. Impact on Polish national identity: The uprising played a crucial role in shaping Polish national identity and fostering a sense of unity and resilience among the Polish population. The memory of the uprising continued to inspire future generations of Poles in their struggle for independence [[1]].

6. International attention: The Polish Uprising of 1830 attracted international attention and sympathy. The events in Poland highlighted the oppressive nature of Russian rule and contributed to a growing awareness of the Polish cause in Europe [[1]].

7. Impact on future uprisings: The Polish Uprising of 1830 served as a precursor to future uprisings and movements for Polish independence. It inspired subsequent generations of Polish nationalists and contributed to the overall momentum for Polish self-determination [[1]].

It is important to note that the causes and consequences of the Polish Uprising of 1830 are complex and multifaceted. The events leading up to the uprising and its aftermath were influenced by a variety of political, social, and cultural factors.