Question

1)о развитии капитализма в сельском хозяйстве Росси в конце 19 века свидетельствовало существование: 1. общины2. натуральное хозяйство3. месячины4. кулаков и батраков. 2) что из перечисленного явилось одной из причин русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878 гг.?1.отказ турции улучшить положение славянских народом на балканском полуострове2.стремление россии ликвидировать нейтральные режимы чёрного моря3.блокада турецким флотом черноморского побережья россии4.захват турцией русских крепостей в закавказье

Answer 1

1. Месячина
2. 1. Братьям-славянам необходима была наша помощь

Answer 2

Development of Capitalism in Russian Agriculture in the Late 19th Century

The development of capitalism in Russian agriculture in the late 19th century was characterized by several factors. These included the existence of:

1. Mir or Obshchina (Commune): The mir, or obshchina, was a traditional Russian peasant commune that practiced collective farming and communal land ownership. It was a form of agricultural organization where land was owned collectively by the community, and individual households were allocated plots for cultivation. The mir system played a significant role in Russian agriculture, especially in the early stages of capitalist development [[1]].

2. Natural Economy: The prevalence of a natural economy was another characteristic of Russian agriculture in the late 19th century. In a natural economy, agricultural production was primarily for subsistence rather than for commercial purposes. Peasants produced mainly for their own consumption and only sold surplus products in local markets. This limited the development of a market-oriented agricultural sector [[2]].

3. Mesyachina: Mesyachina was a form of labor obligation in Russian agriculture. It involved peasants working for a certain number of days per year on the land of the landlord or the state. This system of labor obligation hindered the development of individual peasant farming and limited their ability to accumulate capital [[3]].

4. Kulaks and Batraks: Kulaks were prosperous peasants who owned larger plots of land and employed hired labor. They were able to accumulate capital and invest in modern agricultural techniques. Batraks, on the other hand, were landless peasants who worked as agricultural laborers for the kulaks. The existence of kulaks and batraks reflected the emerging class differentiation within the Russian peasantry [[4]].

Causes of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878

One of the causes of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 was:

1. Refusal of Turkey to Improve the Situation of Slavic Peoples in the Balkans: One of the main triggers of the war was the refusal of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) to improve the situation of Slavic peoples in the Balkans. The Slavic populations in the Balkans, such as the Bulgarians and Serbs, were seeking independence and autonomy from Ottoman rule. Russia, as a fellow Slavic nation, supported their cause and intervened militarily to protect their interests [[5]].

It is important to note that the other options listed in the question were not direct causes of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878:

2. Russia's Desire to Eliminate Neutral Regimes in the Black Sea: While Russia did have strategic interests in the Black Sea region, the desire to eliminate neutral regimes in the Black Sea was not a direct cause of the war.

3. Blockade of the Russian Black Sea Coast by the Turkish Navy: There is no evidence to suggest that the Turkish navy blockaded the Russian Black Sea coast, leading to the war.

4. Capture of Russian Fortresses in the Transcaucasus by Turkey: Similarly, the capture of Russian fortresses in the Transcaucasus by Turkey was not a direct cause of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878.

Therefore, the refusal of Turkey to improve the situation of Slavic peoples in the Balkans was one of the main causes of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 [[5]].