Question

Пользуясь картой расскажите об экспидициях португальцев вдоль заподного берега африки и открытии морского пути в индию Какого значение этих событий

Answer 1

Великие географические открытия стали возможны благодаря успехам европейской науки и техники. К 15 веку были созданы достаточно надежные для океанского плавания парусные суда (каравеллы), усовершенствованы компас и морские карты, приобретен опыт, необходимый для дальнего мореходства. Большую роль в Великих географических открытиях сыграла утверждавшаяся идея о шарообразности Земли, с которой была связана мысль о возможности западного морского пути в Индию через Атлантический океан. Новые торговые пути заставили искать и турецкие завоевания, перекрывшие традиционные купеческие связи с Востоком через Средиземное море. В заморских землях европейцы надеялись найти богатство: драгоценные камни и металлы, экзотические товары и пряности, слоновую кость и моржовые бивни.

Первыми планомерные экспедиции в Атлантическом океане начали португальцы. Активность Португалии на море была предопределена ее географическим положением на крайнем западе Европы и историческими условиями, сложившимися после окончания португальской Реконкисты. Все силы и энергия португальского королевства были направлены на поиски новых земель за морем, на африканском побережье. Именно там португальские короли видели источник будущей славы и богатства своего государства.

Традиционно успехи Португалии на море связывают с именем принца Генриха Мореплавателя (1394-1460). Он был не только организатором морских экспедиций, но и всерьез занимался освоением открытых земель. В 1416 году португальский моряк Г. Велью, следуя на юг вдоль Африки, открыл Канарские острова, в 1419 году португальские дворяне Зарку и Ваш Тейшейра обнаружили острова Мадейру и Порту-Санту, в 1431 году В. Кабрал — Азорские острова.

В течение 15 века португальские каравеллы осваивали морской путь вдоль западного побережья Африки, достигая все более южных широт. В 1482-1486 годах Диогу Кан (Cao) пересек экватор, открыл устье реки Конго и прошел вдоль побережья Африки до мыса Кросс. Кан обнаружил намибийские пустыни, тем самым отпровергнув бытовавшую со времен Птолемея легенду о непроходимости тропиков. В 1487-1488 годах Бартоломеу Диаш совершил новое беспримерное плавание на юг. Он достиг южной оконечности Африки и обогнул ее, открыв мыс Доброй Надежды. Плавание Диаша открыло перед португальцами перспективу установления морского пути в Индию вокруг Африки.

Answer 2

Portuguese Expeditions along the West Coast of Africa and the Opening of the Sea Route to India

The Portuguese expeditions along the west coast of Africa and the opening of the sea route to India were significant events in the Age of Discovery. These expeditions were led by Portuguese explorers, most notably Vasco da Gama, and had a profound impact on world history. Let's delve into the details of these expeditions and their significance.

Portuguese Expeditions along the West Coast of Africa

The Portuguese expeditions along the west coast of Africa began in the 15th century and were driven by a desire to find a sea route to Asia. At that time, the overland trade routes to Asia were controlled by the Ottoman Empire, making them expensive and dangerous for European traders. The Portuguese sought to bypass these routes and establish direct maritime trade with Asia.

One of the key figures in these expeditions was Prince Henry the Navigator, who sponsored numerous voyages of exploration along the African coast. These expeditions aimed to chart new territories, establish trade contacts, and gather valuable information about the geography and resources of the African continent.

The Portuguese explorers gradually pushed southward along the African coast, overcoming various challenges such as treacherous currents, unknown territories, and hostile encounters with local populations. They discovered new lands, established trading posts, and collected valuable resources such as gold, ivory, and slaves.

Opening of the Sea Route to India

The opening of the sea route to India was a major achievement of the Portuguese expeditions. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, successfully reached India by sea in 1498, marking a significant milestone in maritime history. Da Gama's expedition opened up a direct sea route from Europe to India, bypassing the Ottoman-controlled land routes.

Da Gama's voyage was not without difficulties. He faced challenges such as navigating unknown waters, dealing with hostile encounters, and enduring harsh conditions. However, his perseverance paid off when he arrived in the port of Calicut, India, establishing direct trade links between Europe and the Indian subcontinent.

The significance of these events cannot be overstated. The Portuguese expeditions along the west coast of Africa and the opening of the sea route to India had several important consequences:

1. Expansion of Portuguese Empire: These expeditions laid the foundation for the Portuguese Empire, which became one of the largest and most influential colonial empires in history. The Portuguese established trading posts, forts, and colonies along the African coast and in India, creating a vast network of maritime trade routes.

2. Advancement of Maritime Technology: The Portuguese expeditions spurred advancements in maritime technology and navigation. Explorers developed more accurate maps, improved ship designs, and refined navigational techniques, making future voyages safer and more efficient.

3. Global Trade and Cultural Exchange: The opening of the sea route to India facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between Europe and Asia. It led to the establishment of lucrative trade networks, bringing spices, textiles, and other valuable commodities from the East to Europe. This trade also had a profound impact on the economies of both regions.

4. Encouragement of Further Exploration: The success of the Portuguese expeditions inspired other European powers to embark on their own voyages of exploration. It ignited a wave of exploration and colonization that would shape the course of world history, leading to the discovery of new lands and the establishment of European colonies around the globe.

In conclusion, the Portuguese expeditions along the west coast of Africa and the opening of the sea route to India were pivotal events in world history. They expanded Portuguese influence, advanced maritime technology, facilitated global trade and cultural exchange, and encouraged further exploration. These expeditions marked the beginning of an era of European exploration and colonization that would have far-reaching consequences for centuries to come.