Question

Помогите.Признаки феодализма и капитализма в России во второй половине 18 века

Answer 1

Основные признаки капитализма: господство товарно-денежных отношений и частной собственности на средства производства, наличие развитого общественного разделения труда, рост обобществления производства, превращение рабочей силы в товар, эксплуатация наёмных рабочих капиталистами.признаками феодализма всегда оставались: -наличие земельной собственности в руках господствующего класса феодалов; -наделение землёй непосредственных производителей – зависимых и крепостных крестьян, которые вели мелкое самостоятельное хозяйство, создавшее основу феодального производства; -эксплуатация крестьян феодалами, государством и церковью в форме ренты (расплата за пользование землёй) , налога, десятины (десятая часть урожая или других доходов, взимавшаяся церковью с населения); -внеэкономическое принуждение крепостных и зависимых крестьян, которое осуществлялось разными способами – от прямого насилия и судебно-административного преследования до установления обязательных фиксированных норм повинностей; - низкий и рутинный характер производства и техники; -господство натурального хозяйства.
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Answer 2

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Answer 3

Feudalism and Capitalism in Russia in the Second Half of the 18th Century

In the second half of the 18th century, Russia exhibited signs of both feudalism and early capitalism, reflecting a transitional period in its economic and social structures.

Feudalism in Russia: Feudalism in Russia during this period was characterized by: - Serfdom: The majority of the Russian population were serfs, tied to the land and subject to the will of the landowners. - Manorial System: The manorial system, where the land was owned by the nobility and worked by serfs, was prevalent. - Hierarchy: A rigid social hierarchy existed, with the nobility holding significant power and influence over the serfs. - Agrarian Economy: The economy was primarily agrarian, with the majority of the population engaged in agricultural activities.

These characteristics reflect the traditional feudal structure that dominated Russia during this period.

Capitalism in Russia: Signs of early capitalism in Russia during the second half of the 18th century included: - Emergence of Market Economy: There was a gradual shift towards a market economy, with the growth of trade and commerce in urban centers. - Development of Towns and Cities: Urban centers began to play a more significant role in economic activities, marking the early stages of urbanization. - Merchant Class: A merchant class started to emerge, engaging in trade and commercial activities. - Monetary Economy: The use of money as a medium of exchange became more prevalent, indicating a shift towards a monetary economy.

These developments signaled the early stages of a transition towards a more capitalist economic system in Russia.

Conclusion

In the second half of the 18th century, Russia displayed characteristics of both feudalism and early capitalism. The prevalence of serfdom, the manorial system, and a primarily agrarian economy reflected the feudal structure, while the emergence of a market economy, development of urban centers, and the growth of a merchant class indicated the early stages of capitalism.

This period marked a significant transitional phase in Russia's economic and social structures, setting the stage for further developments in the following centuries.