Question

Теорії виникнення козацтва.

Answer 1

Ответ:

На зміну княжій Русі на українських землях встановлювалися нові самостійні держави. На звільненому від Орді Полі Половецькім виникли козацькі війська-держави з центрами на Дніпрі та Дону. Це були напівосілі держави, керовані виборною військової владою. Важливим джерелом доходів цих військових держав був прибуток і плата за участь у війнах на боці інших держав. Саме завдяки цьому звичаю українці зберегли традиції власної державності впродовж наступних чотирьохсот років. Першими військовими успіхами стали походи проти імперії Османів.

Взято з сайту Україна - це ми! https://we.org.ua/history/pohodzhennya-kozatstva-na-ukrayinskyh-zemlyah/

Answer 2

Theories of the Origin of the Cossacks

The origin of the Cossacks is a topic of historical debate, and several theories exist regarding their emergence. Here are some prominent theories:

1. Indigenous Origin Theory: The indigenous origin theory suggests that the Cossacks were descendants of the free people of the steppes who formed self-governing communities for mutual protection and defense against nomadic tribes. This theory emphasizes the organic development of Cossack communities within the context of the Eurasian steppe environment.

2. Settler Origin Theory: According to the settler origin theory, the Cossacks were settlers who fled serfdom and feudal oppression in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Tsardom. They sought refuge in the southern frontier regions and gradually formed military communities for self-defense and autonomy.

3. Military Servicemen Origin Theory: Another theory posits that the Cossacks were originally military servicemen, including runaway serfs, who were granted land and autonomy in exchange for military service. Over time, they evolved into a distinct social and military group with a unique culture and identity.

4. Mixture of Origins: Some historians argue that the origin of the Cossacks is a result of a combination of the aforementioned theories, suggesting that various social, economic, and political factors contributed to the formation of the Cossack communities.

5. Influence of Historical Events: The emergence of the Cossacks was also influenced by historical events such as the expansion of the Russian state, conflicts with neighboring powers, and the shifting geopolitical landscape of Eastern Europe.

6. Legal Recognition and Development: The legal recognition and development of the Cossack communities were shaped by official decrees, agreements, and treaties, including the formation of the Zaporozhian Sich and the Don Cossack Host.

7. Socio-Economic Factors: Socio-economic factors, including land ownership, agricultural practices, and trade, played a significant role in the development and organization of Cossack communities.

8. Cultural and Religious Influences: Cultural and religious influences from various ethnic groups, including Ukrainians, Russians, and Tatars, contributed to the unique cultural identity of the Cossacks.

In summary, the theories of the origin of the Cossacks encompass a range of perspectives, including indigenous development, settler migration, military service, historical events, legal recognition, socio-economic factors, and cultural influences. These theories reflect the complex and multifaceted nature of the Cossack phenomenon, shaped by diverse historical, social, and geopolitical dynamics.

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