Question

Во главе Золотой Орды стоял __________.Столицей Орды был город ___________ ( в переводе – дворец), располагался он недалеко от нынешнего города Астрахань. _______________ – ханская грамота, дававшая право русским князьям властвовать в своих землях. Ордынских ханов называли ____________. В крупные русские города были посланы представители хана - __________________, которые следили, чтобы все жители сохраняли покорность хану. Ежегодные платежи дани Орде - ________________ были самой тяжкой повинностью.

Answer 1

Во главе Золотой Орды стоял Хан Батый.Столицей Орды был город Сарай ( в переводе – дворец), располагался он недалеко от нынешнего города Астрахань. Ярлык– ханская грамота, дававшая право русским князьям властвовать в своих землях. Ордынских ханов называли Царями. В крупные русские города были посланы представители хана -Баскаки, которые следили, чтобы все жители сохраняли покорность хану. Ежегодные платежи дани Орде - выходы были самой тяжкой повинностью.

Answer 2

The Golden Horde and its Leaders

The Golden Horde was a Mongol and Turkic khanate that existed from the 13th to the 15th centuries in the Eurasian Steppe. It was founded by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was one of the successor states of the Mongol Empire. Batu Khan was the leader of the Golden Horde and played a significant role in its establishment and expansion [[1]].

The Capital of the Golden Horde

The capital of the Golden Horde was a city called Sarai, which means "palace" in translation. It was located not far from the present-day city of Astrakhan in Russia. Sarai was an important political, economic, and cultural center of the Golden Horde [[2]].

The Khan's Charter and Russian Princes

The Khan's Charter, also known as the "hanskaia gramota," granted Russian princes the right to rule over their lands. This charter gave them a certain level of autonomy and allowed them to govern their territories under the authority of the Golden Horde [[3]].

The Titles of the Golden Horde Khans

The rulers of the Golden Horde were known as khans. They held significant power and authority over the territories under their control. The khans of the Golden Horde were often referred to as "khans of the Horde" or "khans of the Tatars" [[4]].

Representatives of the Khan in Russian Cities

The Golden Horde sent representatives of the khan, known as basqaqs, to major Russian cities. These basqaqs were responsible for ensuring the obedience and submission of the local population to the khan's rule. They acted as overseers and monitored the compliance of the residents with the authority of the khan [[5]].

Annual Tribute Payments to the Golden Horde

One of the most burdensome obligations imposed on the Russian principalities by the Golden Horde was the payment of annual tribute, known as yasaq. These tribute payments were a significant financial burden on the Russian cities and were considered one of the most challenging duties imposed by the Golden Horde [[6]].

In summary, the Golden Horde was led by Batu Khan, and its capital was the city of Sarai. The Khan's Charter granted Russian princes the right to rule over their lands, and representatives of the khan, called basqaqs, were sent to Russian cities to ensure compliance. The annual tribute payments to the Golden Horde were a heavy burden on the Russian principalities.