Question

Древнее Двуречье. Законы царя Хаммурапи

Answer 1

Ответ:

Законы Хаммурапи — результат крупной реформы существовавшего правопорядка, призванной унифицировать и дополнить действие неписаных норм поведения, зародившихся ещё в первобытном обществе. В качестве вершины развития клинописного права древней Месопотамии, Законы оказывали влияние на правовую культуру Древнего Востока на протяжении многих столетий. Система права, закреплённая вавилонским сводом, стала передовой для своего времени и по богатству нормативного содержания и используемых юридических конструкций была превзойдена лишь позднейшим правом Древнего Рима.

Answer 2

Ancient Mesopotamia and the Code of Hammurabi

Ancient Mesopotamia, also known as the "Cradle of Civilization," was a region located in the eastern Mediterranean, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It encompassed the territories of modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, eastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. Mesopotamia was home to several ancient civilizations, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.

One of the most famous legal codes from ancient Mesopotamia is the Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was the sixth king of the Babylonian Empire, ruling from 1792 to 1750 BCE. The Code of Hammurabi is one of the oldest known legal codes and provides valuable insights into the social, economic, and cultural aspects of ancient Mesopotamia.

The Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi consists of 282 laws that were inscribed on a stele (a stone pillar) and placed in a public location for all to see. The laws cover a wide range of topics, including civil law, criminal law, family law, and commercial law. They were intended to establish justice, protect the weak, and maintain social order in Babylonian society.

Key Features of the Code of Hammurabi:

1. Retributive Justice: The code follows the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." It emphasizes the concept of proportional punishment, where the punishment should match the crime committed.

2. Social Hierarchy: The laws reflect the social hierarchy of ancient Babylonian society. They differentiate between free citizens, slaves, and different social classes, prescribing different punishments and rights for each group.

3. Protection of Property: The code includes laws that protect property rights and regulate commercial transactions. It covers topics such as trade, loans, debts, and contracts.

4. Family Law: The code addresses various aspects of family life, including marriage, divorce, inheritance, and the rights and responsibilities of family members.

5. Role of the King: The code emphasizes the role of the king as the ultimate authority and dispenser of justice. It portrays the king as the representative of the gods and the protector of the people.

Examples of Laws in the Code of Hammurabi

Here are a few examples of laws from the Code of Hammurabi:

1. Law 196: "If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out."

2. Law 117: "If a judge pronounces judgment, renders a decision, delivers a sealed verdict, and afterward alters his judgment, they shall call that judge to account for the alteration of the judgment which he has altered."

3. Law 129: "If a married lady is caught [in adultery] with another man, they shall bind them and throw them into the water."

4. Law 148: "If a man has stolen an ox, a sheep, a pig, or a boat that belonged to the temple or palace, he shall pay thirtyfold; if it belonged to a private citizen, he shall pay tenfold."

Conclusion

The Code of Hammurabi provides valuable insights into the legal system and social structure of ancient Mesopotamia. It reflects the principles of retributive justice, social hierarchy, and the role of the king in maintaining order and justice. The code covers a wide range of topics and serves as an important historical document for understanding the civilization of ancient Mesopotamia.