Question

Дайте відповіді на питання 1. Назвіть причини аграрної реформи 1861 р. в Наддніпрянській Україні.2. Назвіть положення реформи, які дозволяють її характеризувати як суперечливу, половинчасту3. Поясніть, чому підходи до наділення селян землею під час реформи відрізнялося на Лівобережжі і Степовій Україні від Правобережжя.

Answer 1

Causes of the Agrarian Reform of 1861 in the Naddniprianska Ukraine

The agrarian reform of 1861 in the Naddniprianska Ukraine was driven by several factors. Here are some of the key reasons for the reform:

1. Economic Factors: The existing serfdom system in Ukraine was considered inefficient and hindered agricultural productivity. The reform aimed to modernize the agricultural sector and increase productivity by granting peasants more rights and freedoms [[1]].

2. Social Factors: The serfdom system created significant social inequality, with the majority of the population being serfs who were tied to the land and had limited opportunities for social mobility. The reform aimed to address these social inequalities and provide peasants with more rights and opportunities [[2]].

3. Political Factors: The reform was also influenced by political considerations. The Russian Empire, which controlled Ukraine at the time, sought to strengthen its control over the region and improve its relationship with the local population. The reform was seen as a way to gain support from the peasants and reduce the potential for social unrest [[3]].

Contradictory and Partial Nature of the Reform

The agrarian reform of 1861 in the Naddniprianska Ukraine can be characterized as contradictory and partial due to several key provisions. Here are some of the aspects that make the reform contradictory and partial:

1. Redemption Payments: One of the main provisions of the reform was the introduction of redemption payments, where peasants had to compensate the landowners for the land they received. This created a significant financial burden for the peasants and limited their ability to fully benefit from the reform [[4]].

2. Land Allotment: The reform aimed to provide land to the peasants, but the amount of land allocated to each household was often insufficient for sustainable agriculture. This led to overcrowding and limited the peasants' ability to improve their economic situation [[5]].

3. Continued Obligations: Despite gaining some rights and freedoms, the peasants still had to fulfill certain obligations to the landowners, such as providing labor or paying rent. This limited their autonomy and hindered their ability to fully benefit from the reform [[6]].

Regional Differences in Land Allotment Approaches

The approaches to land allotment during the agrarian reform of 1861 varied between the Left Bank and the Steppe regions of Ukraine compared to the Right Bank. Here's why:

1. Left Bank and Steppe Regions: In the Left Bank and Steppe regions, the land allotment approach was more favorable to the peasants. The land was distributed more evenly, and the peasants received larger plots of land. This was influenced by the fact that these regions had a larger proportion of state-owned land, which allowed for more equitable distribution [[7]].

2. Right Bank: In the Right Bank region, the land allotment approach was less favorable to the peasants. The land was often distributed in smaller plots, and the peasants received less land compared to their counterparts in the Left Bank and Steppe regions. This was influenced by the fact that the Right Bank had a higher concentration of privately owned land, which limited the availability of land for redistribution [[8]].

It's important to note that while these regional differences existed, the overall reform aimed to improve the peasants' situation across Ukraine by granting them more rights and freedoms and reducing the influence of the serfdom system.

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