Question

Изучи список открытий первой половины 20 века и выполни задания. Открытие Вильгельмом Рёнтгеном рентгеновского излучения – электромагнитное излучение с широким диапазоном длин волн. Теория относительности Эйнштейна объяснила суть гравитации – она возникает вследствие искривления четырехмерного пространства, а не результате взаимодействия тел в пространстве. Открытие пенициллина. Плесневый гриб Penicillium notatum, попадая к культуре бактерий, вызывает полную их гибель это было доказано Александром Флеммингом. В 40-х годах был разработана производственная технология пенициллина, который в дальнейшем стал выпускаться в промышленном масштабе. Химик Уоллес Карозерс в 1935 году открыл способ получения полимерного материала Нейлона. Он открыл некоторые его разновидности с высокой вязкостью даже при больших температурах. Создание радиотелеграфа. Изобретение Александра Попова с помощью, азбуки Морзе и радиосигналов впервые спасло корабль на рубеже 19 и 20 веков. Но первым запатентовал аналогичное изобретение Гулиельмо Марконе. Открытие нейтронов. Эти незаряженные частицы с массой, немного большей, чем у протонов позволили без препятствий проникать в ядро и дестабилизировать его. Позже было доказано, что под воздействием этих частиц ядра делятся, но возникает еще больше нейтронов. Так была открыта искусственная радиоактивность. Выбери два наиболее важных открытия и обоснуй свой выбор. Определи, какую роль сыграли все эти изобретения в социально-экономическом развитии стран. ..​

Answer 1

Ответ:

наиболее важными открытиями являются:открытие Вильгельма Рентгена, рентгеновское излучение, потому что если бы он не изобрёл рентгеновское излучение человечество не смогла бы обнаруживать переломы костей у человека.Вторым не мало важным открытием стало открытие Александра Попова открытие оадиотелеграфа.Потому что без радиотелегоафа люди не могли бы получать важную для них информацию

Answer 2

List of Discoveries in the First Half of the 20th Century

The first half of the 20th century witnessed numerous significant discoveries and inventions that had a profound impact on science, technology, and society. Some of these discoveries include:

1. Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen: In 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays, which are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wide range of wavelengths. This discovery revolutionized medical imaging and led to the development of X-ray machines [[1]].

2. Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein: Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, formulated in the early 20th century, explained the nature of gravity. According to this theory, gravity arises from the curvature of four-dimensional spacetime rather than the interaction of objects in space. The theory of relativity revolutionized our understanding of the universe and had profound implications for physics and cosmology [[2]].

3. Discovery of Penicillin by Alexander Fleming: In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, a mold fungus that, when introduced to bacterial cultures, caused their complete destruction. This discovery laid the foundation for the development of antibiotics, which revolutionized medicine by providing effective treatments for bacterial infections [[3]].

4. Development of Nylon by Wallace Carothers: In 1935, chemist Wallace Carothers discovered a method for producing a synthetic polymer material called Nylon. He discovered various types of Nylon with high viscosity even at high temperatures. Nylon became widely used in the textile industry and played a significant role in the development of synthetic fibers [[4]].

5. Invention of the Radiotelegraph by Alexander Popov and Guglielmo Marconi: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Alexander Popov and Guglielmo Marconi independently invented the radiotelegraph, a device that used Morse code and radio signals for communication. This invention played a crucial role in maritime communication and paved the way for the development of wireless telegraphy and later radio broadcasting [[5]].

6. Discovery of Neutrons: Neutrons, which are uncharged particles with slightly greater mass than protons, were discovered in the early 1930s. Neutrons were found to penetrate atomic nuclei without obstruction, destabilizing them and leading to the discovery of artificial radioactivity. This discovery had significant implications for nuclear physics and the development of nuclear energy [[6]].

The Role of these Discoveries in Socio-Economic Development

The discoveries and inventions of the first half of the 20th century played a crucial role in socio-economic development. Here are some examples:

1. Medical Advancements: The discovery of X-rays and the development of medical imaging techniques revolutionized the field of medicine. X-rays enabled non-invasive visualization of internal structures, leading to improved diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. Similarly, the discovery of penicillin and the subsequent development of antibiotics transformed healthcare by providing effective treatments for bacterial infections, saving countless lives and improving public health [[1]] [[3]].

2. Technological Advancements: Inventions like Nylon and the radiotelegraph had a significant impact on technology and industry. Nylon, with its high strength and versatility, revolutionized the textile industry and led to the production of durable and affordable synthetic fibers. The radiotelegraph enabled long-distance communication, facilitating global connectivity and transforming the way people communicated and conducted business [[4]] [[5]].

3. Scientific Progress: The theory of relativity and the discovery of neutrons revolutionized our understanding of the physical world. Einstein's theory of relativity provided a new framework for understanding gravity and the nature of space and time. The discovery of neutrons and the subsequent understanding of nuclear reactions paved the way for the development of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, with profound implications for energy production and national security [[2]] [[6]].

These discoveries and inventions not only advanced scientific knowledge but also had far-reaching socio-economic impacts. They contributed to advancements in healthcare, technology, and industry, leading to improved living standards, increased productivity, and the growth of economies.