Question

<<С этих пор Софья именем двух царей беспрекословно семь лет управляла государством. Во внутренних делах не происходило HиkakИX Baжных изменений, кроме кое-каких перемен в делопроизводстве. Правительство по-прежнему противодействовало обычному шатанию народа и делало распоряжение об удержании жителей на старых местах. Разбои усиливались; даже люди знатных родов выезжали на дорогу с разбойничьими шайками. Помещики дрались между собой. наезжали друг на друга со своими людьми, ЖГЛИ ДРУГ У Друга усадьбы: их крестьяне, по их приказанию, делали нападения одни на других, истребляли хлеб на полях и производи и пожары. Межевание, начатое при Федоре, продолжаясь при Софье, приводило к самым крайним беспорядкам. Помещики, недовольные межеванием, посылали своих крестьян на межевщиков с оружием, не давали им мерить земли, реали веревки, а некоторых поколотили и изувечили. За такие самоуправства правительство определило наказывать кнутом и ссылать в Сибирь; но бесчинства от этого не прекращались. Небогатые помещики находились под произволом богатых, владевших многими крестьянами; кто был сильнее, тот у соседа отнимал землю. И бедняку трудно было тягаться с богачом. В самой Москве происходили в то время беспрестанные бесчинства, воровство и убийства. Костомаров, Н.И. Русская история в жизнеописаниях ее главнейших деятелей / Н. И. КОСТОМАРОВ. M. 2022. А)Укажите, о каких проблемах правления Софьи упоминает автор. Предположите, в чем крылась причина такого положения дел в государстве (30 баллов). Б) С опорой на текст раскройте смысл понятия «межевание>> (20 баллов).

Answer 1

Problems of Sofya's Rule and the State of Affairs in Russia

The author mentions several problems during Sofya's rule, including:

1. No significant changes in internal affairs: The author states that there were no significant changes in internal affairs during Sofya's rule, except for some variations in administrative procedures. 2. Rampant banditry: The author mentions that robberies were increasing, and even people from noble families were joining bandit gangs. 3. Feuds among landowners: The author notes that landowners were fighting among themselves, raiding each other's estates and inciting their peasants to attack each other, resulting in the destruction of crops and fires. 4. Disorder caused by land demarcation: The author states that land demarcation, which had started during the reign of Fedor and continued under Sofya, led to extreme disorder. 5. Violence against land surveyors: The author mentions that dissatisfied landowners sent their peasants armed with weapons to attack land surveyors, preventing them from measuring land and even physically assaulting them. 6. Injustice and abuse of power: The author highlights the arbitrary rule of the wealthy landowners over the less affluent ones, who were often deprived of their land. The poor had difficulty competing with the rich.

The state of affairs in Russia during Sofya's rule was characterized by social unrest, lawlessness, and a lack of effective governance. The problems mentioned above contributed to the deteriorating situation in the country.

The Meaning of "Mezhevanie" (Land Demarcation)

The term "mezhevanie" refers to the process of land demarcation or boundary marking. It involved determining the boundaries of land ownership and resolving disputes between landowners. During this process, land surveyors would measure and mark the boundaries of individual estates.

However, in the context of the text, "mezhevanie" is described as a cause of extreme disorder and conflicts. The author mentions that land demarcation, which had started during the reign of Fedor and continued under Sofya, led to various problems. Dissatisfied landowners would send their armed peasants to attack land surveyors, preventing them from carrying out their work. This resulted in violence, injustice, and abuse of power, as some landowners took advantage of the situation to seize land from others.

Therefore, in this context, "mezhevanie" represents a process that exacerbated social tensions, fueled feuds among landowners, and contributed to the overall instability and lawlessness in the country during Sofya's rule.