Question

що змінилось у характері міжнародних відносин порівняно з середньовіччям? які нові та старі риси вони в собі поєднували?

Answer 1

Ответ:

Що нового з'явилося в міжнародних відносинах 16-17 століть в порівнянні зі средневековьем- вперше встановлювалися дипломатичні відносини (наприклад, європейські держави роблять свої представництва в Стамбулі в односторонньому порядку) - держави об'єднуються в коаліціі- затяжні війни, велика частина з яких на релігійному почве- війни стали міровимі- з'явилися нові види озброєнь, придбали більш страхітливий характер-реформація.

Answer 2

Changes in International Relations Compared to the Middle Ages

International relations have undergone significant changes since the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the world was characterized by feudalism, a system in which power was decentralized and held by local lords and monarchs. The main features of international relations during this period included feudal obligations, religious conflicts, and limited diplomatic interactions.

In contrast, modern international relations are characterized by nation-states, globalization, and complex diplomatic networks. Here are some key changes that have occurred:

1. Nation-States: One of the most significant changes is the emergence of nation-states. Nation-states are political entities that have defined borders, a centralized government, and a population with a shared sense of identity. In the Middle Ages, political power was fragmented, and there were no clearly defined nation-states as we understand them today.

2. Sovereignty: The concept of sovereignty has become a fundamental principle in modern international relations. Sovereignty refers to the exclusive authority of a state to govern its territory without interference from external actors. In the Middle Ages, sovereignty was less clearly defined, and rulers often had overlapping claims to territories.

3. Diplomacy: Diplomatic relations have become more formalized and complex in modern times. Diplomatic missions, embassies, and international organizations play a crucial role in facilitating communication and negotiation between states. In the Middle Ages, diplomatic interactions were less institutionalized, and negotiations often took place through personal contacts between rulers.

4. International Law: The development of international law is another significant change. In modern international relations, there are legal frameworks and treaties that govern the behavior of states and provide a basis for resolving disputes. In the Middle Ages, there was no comprehensive system of international law, and conflicts were often resolved through military means.

5. Globalization: Globalization has transformed international relations by increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among nations. Trade, communication, and travel have become more accessible, leading to the integration of economies and cultures. In the Middle Ages, interactions between different regions were limited, and long-distance trade was less developed.

Combination of Old and New Features

While there have been significant changes in international relations, some old features have persisted or have been adapted to the modern context. Here are a few examples:

1. Power Politics: Throughout history, power dynamics have played a crucial role in international relations. In both the Middle Ages and the modern era, states have pursued their interests and engaged in power struggles. However, the means and methods of exercising power have evolved.

2. Conflict and Cooperation: Conflict and cooperation continue to shape international relations. While the nature of conflicts has changed, with fewer large-scale wars between states, tensions and disputes still arise. At the same time, states also engage in cooperation through alliances, trade agreements, and international organizations.

3. Religion: While religion played a central role in international relations during the Middle Ages, its influence has diminished in the modern era. However, religious differences and conflicts still have the potential to impact international relations, as seen in various regions around the world.

4. Territorial Disputes: The issue of territorial disputes has persisted throughout history. In the Middle Ages, territorial claims were often resolved through military means. In the modern era, diplomatic negotiations and international law provide mechanisms for addressing territorial disputes.

5. Balance of Power: The concept of the balance of power, which refers to the distribution of power among states to prevent any one state from dominating others, has been a recurring theme in international relations. It was present in the Middle Ages and continues to be relevant today, although the dynamics and mechanisms have evolved.

In summary, international relations have undergone significant changes since the Middle Ages. The emergence of nation-states, the development of diplomatic institutions, the establishment of international law, and the impact of globalization have transformed the nature of interactions between states. However, some old features, such as power politics, conflict and cooperation, and territorial disputes, have persisted or have been adapted to the modern context.