Question

Последствия правления Ивана Грозного для посадских людей (горожан), для служилых людей, для помещиков для церкви Кто ответит на вопрос отмечу как лучший

Answer 1

Главный из этих итогов – полное торжество на востоке над исконным врагом Русской земли, татарами, завоевание всего Поволжья и покорение Сибири могли бы составить славу любого царствования. Попытки пробить чрез Ливонию более удобный путь для сношения с Западом – попытки упорные, хотя и неудавшиеся, свидетельствуют о большом уме Ивана Грозного. Он видимо желал сблизиться с более просвещенными странами, завел деятельные сношения и торговлю с Англией, вел переговоры с папой и с императором, которые уже начинали смотреть на московского царя как на естественного союзника в борьбе с турками, тогда еще страшными для Европы.

Answer 2

Consequences of Ivan the Terrible's Rule

Ivan the Terrible, also known as Ivan IV, was the first Tsar of Russia and ruled from 1547 to 1584. His reign had significant consequences for different groups of people in Russia, including the urban population (posadskiye lyudi), the service class (sluzhilie lyudi), the nobility (pomeshchiki), and the Church.

1. Consequences for the Urban Population (Posadskiye Lyudi): During Ivan the Terrible's rule, the urban population faced several consequences. One of the major impacts was the consolidation of power by the central government, which led to increased control over the cities. Ivan implemented a series of reforms to strengthen the central administration and reduce the autonomy of the cities. This resulted in the loss of self-governance for the urban population.

Additionally, Ivan's policies aimed at consolidating power and suppressing dissent led to increased taxation and economic burdens on the urban population. The government imposed heavy taxes on the cities to fund military campaigns and construction projects, which further strained the already struggling urban economy.

2. Consequences for the Service Class (Sluzhilie Lyudi): The service class, which included government officials, military officers, and bureaucrats, also experienced significant consequences during Ivan the Terrible's rule. Ivan implemented a system known as the "oprichnina," which involved the creation of a separate paramilitary force called the Oprichniki. The Oprichniki were tasked with enforcing the Tsar's authority and suppressing opposition.

The establishment of the Oprichnina had a profound impact on the service class. Many officials and nobles were targeted by the Oprichniki, leading to purges, confiscation of property, and even executions. This created an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty among the service class, as they were constantly under the threat of being accused of treason or disloyalty.

3. Consequences for the Nobility (Pomeshchiki): The nobility, or pomeshchiki, also faced significant consequences during Ivan the Terrible's rule. Ivan sought to weaken the power of the nobility and centralize authority under the Tsar. He implemented policies that restricted the rights and privileges of the nobles, such as limiting their control over their estates and imposing stricter regulations on their behavior.

Furthermore, Ivan's policies of land redistribution and the establishment of the Oprichnina resulted in the confiscation of noble lands and properties. Many nobles lost their wealth and influence as a result of these measures.

4. Consequences for the Church: The Church also experienced consequences during Ivan the Terrible's rule. Ivan sought to control the Church and limit its influence. He implemented reforms that aimed to bring the Church under the control of the state and reduce its autonomy.

One of the significant consequences for the Church was the dissolution of the independent Metropolitanate of Moscow. Ivan abolished the position of Metropolitan and established the position of Patriarch, which was subordinate to the Tsar. This move allowed Ivan to exert greater control over the Church and ensure its loyalty to the state.

In conclusion, Ivan the Terrible's rule had far-reaching consequences for different groups of people in Russia. The urban population faced increased centralization of power and economic burdens. The service class experienced purges and the establishment of the Oprichnina, which created an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty. The nobility faced restrictions on their rights and privileges, as well as the confiscation of their lands. The Church saw its autonomy reduced and brought under state control. These consequences shaped the social and political landscape of Russia during Ivan the Terrible's reign.

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