Question

Итоги правления Ивана 4-го

Answer 1

Захват Казанского Ханства

Поражение в Ливонской войне

Answer 2

As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, there was no widely-known historical figure named Ivan IV (Ivan the 4th). It's possible that you might be referring to Ivan IV Vasilyevich, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, who was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584.

Ivan the Terrible's reign was characterized by both significant accomplishments and brutal policies. Here are some of the key outcomes and aspects of his rule:

1. Consolidation of Power: Ivan IV was the first ruler to be crowned Tsar of All Russia in 1547, effectively consolidating power under a centralized monarchy.

2. Expansion of Territory: He expanded the Russian territories significantly through military conquests, particularly in the east and south. This expansion laid the groundwork for Russia's emergence as a major European power.

3. Legal and Administrative Reforms: Ivan the Terrible implemented a set of legal codes, known as the "Sudebnik," which aimed to standardize and improve the legal system. He also introduced administrative reforms to strengthen the central government's control over the regions.

4. Streltsy: Ivan created a force known as the Streltsy, which served as both his personal guard and a standing army. However, they became notorious for their brutal suppression of opposition and dissent.

5. Oprichnina: In 1565, Ivan established the Oprichnina, a separate territory under his direct control, where he implemented a reign of terror against real and perceived enemies. This period was marked by widespread repression, confiscation of land, and executions.

6. Economic Development: Ivan IV also worked to improve the economy by promoting trade and developing industries such as mining and salt production.

7. Cultural Patronage: Ivan supported the arts and cultural development, contributing to the growth of Russian literature, architecture, and icon painting.

However, despite these achievements, Ivan's later reign was marked by increasing cruelty and suspicion, leading to his nickname "the Terrible." The Oprichnina and his erratic behavior caused immense suffering, leading to the deaths of thousands of people, including many nobles and members of his own family. His actions also resulted in social and political instability, leaving a mixed legacy in Russian history.

Keep in mind that historical interpretations and views on Ivan the Terrible may differ, and there might have been further developments or revisions in historical understanding beyond my last update in September 2021.