Question

3. Про які Доколумбові цивілізації розповідається. 1-В а) V- XV ст., територія Юкатан, основна галузь землеробство, жерці і військова знать - опора держави, склали календар 365 днів, створили першу ієрогліфічну писемність....​

Answer 1

Мова йде про цивілізація Майя.

Answer 2

Mayan Civilization

The Mayan civilization is one of the pre-Columbian civilizations that existed from the 1st to the 15th century AD in the Yucatan Peninsula and other parts of Mesoamerica. The Mayans were known for their advanced agricultural practices, with farming being the main occupation of the people. They cultivated crops such as maize, beans, and squash, and developed sophisticated irrigation systems to support their agricultural activities.

The Mayan society was hierarchical, with a ruling class consisting of priests and warriors who held significant power and influence. The priests played a central role in Mayan religious practices and rituals, and their knowledge of astronomy and mathematics was highly advanced. They developed a complex calendar system known as the Mayan calendar, which consisted of 365 days and accurately predicted celestial events.

The Mayans also had a system of hieroglyphic writing, which is considered the earliest known writing system in the Americas. They used this writing system to record historical events, religious rituals, and astronomical observations. The Mayan hieroglyphs were inscribed on stone monuments, pottery, and bark paper.

The decline of the Mayan civilization is still a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. Some theories suggest that environmental factors, such as drought and deforestation, played a role in the collapse of Mayan city-states. Others propose that political instability, warfare, and social unrest contributed to the decline.

Aztec Civilization

The Aztec civilization, also known as the Mexica civilization, flourished in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century AD. The Aztecs built a vast empire that encompassed a large part of Mesoamerica. They were known for their military prowess and their ability to conquer and assimilate other cultures.

The Aztecs had a complex social structure, with a ruling class consisting of nobles, priests, and warriors. The emperor, known as the tlatoani, held supreme power and was considered a divine figure. The Aztec society was highly organized, with a centralized government and a system of tribute collection from conquered territories.

Religion played a central role in Aztec society, and the Aztecs worshipped a pantheon of gods and goddesses. They believed in the cyclical nature of time and performed elaborate rituals and sacrifices to appease their deities.

The Aztecs also had a system of writing, although it was not as developed as the Mayan hieroglyphic writing. They used pictorial symbols and codices to record historical events, religious ceremonies, and genealogies.

The arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernan Cortes, in the early 16th century marked the downfall of the Aztec civilization. The Aztecs were eventually defeated by the Spanish forces, and their capital city, Tenochtitlan, was destroyed and replaced by Mexico City.

Inca Civilization

The Inca civilization, also known as the Inka civilization, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. It existed from the 13th to the 16th century AD and was located in the Andean region of South America, primarily in present-day Peru.

The Incas were known for their advanced agricultural practices, including terrace farming and irrigation systems. They cultivated crops such as maize, potatoes, and quinoa, and developed storage systems to ensure food security.

The Inca society was highly centralized, with the emperor, known as the Sapa Inca, holding absolute power. The Incas had a complex system of governance and administration, with a network of roads and messengers to maintain control over their vast empire.

Religion played a significant role in Inca society, and the Incas worshipped a pantheon of gods and goddesses. They believed that the emperor was the son of the sun god Inti and performed rituals and sacrifices to maintain the harmony between the natural and supernatural worlds.

The Incas did not have a system of writing in the traditional sense. Instead, they used a system of knotted strings called quipu to record numerical and statistical information. Quipus were used for administrative purposes, such as recording census data and tribute collection.

The Inca Empire was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century, led by Francisco Pizarro. The Spanish colonization led to the decline of the Inca civilization and the imposition of Spanish culture and religion in the region.

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