Question

В чем выражалась полузависимое положение Китая от европейцев?

Answer 1

Ответ:

контрибуция в пользу Франции и Великобритании 8млн лянов

беспрепятственная торговля опиумом на территории Китая

Южная часть Цзюлунского полуострова (современный Гонконг) Великобритании

Установление новой границы с Россией по Амуру

Answer 2

The Semi-Dependent Position of China on Europeans

The semi-dependent position of China on Europeans refers to a historical period when China had limited control over its own affairs and was heavily influenced by European powers. This period began in the 19th century and lasted until the mid-20th century. During this time, China faced significant challenges and experienced various forms of European domination and interference.

1. Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties

One of the key events that marked China's semi-dependent position was the Opium Wars. In the mid-19th century, British merchants began smuggling opium into China, leading to widespread addiction and social problems. The Chinese government attempted to crack down on the opium trade, which eventually led to armed conflicts with the British.

The Opium Wars resulted in China's defeat and the signing of a series of unequal treaties with European powers, including the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. These treaties imposed harsh terms on China, including the cession of Hong Kong to Britain, the opening of several ports to foreign trade, and extraterritorial rights for Europeans in China. These treaties significantly weakened China's sovereignty and allowed European powers to exert control over various aspects of Chinese society and economy.

2. Economic and Political Influence

European powers, particularly Britain, France, Germany, and Russia, took advantage of China's weakened state and established spheres of influence within the country. These spheres of influence granted European powers exclusive trading rights and control over specific regions in China. They also allowed Europeans to exploit China's resources and influence its internal affairs.

Furthermore, European powers imposed unequal economic treaties on China, which favored foreign interests and disadvantaged Chinese industries. These treaties allowed Europeans to extract resources, establish businesses, and control key sectors of the Chinese economy, such as mining, transportation, and banking.

3. Extraterritoriality and Foreign Concessions

One of the most significant aspects of China's semi-dependent position was the concept of extraterritoriality. Under the unequal treaties, Europeans living in China were subject to their own legal systems rather than Chinese law. This meant that European citizens could not be tried in Chinese courts and were immune to Chinese jurisdiction. Instead, they were subject to the laws of their own countries, which often resulted in a lack of accountability for their actions.

Foreign concessions were also established in major Chinese cities, such as Shanghai and Tianjin, where Europeans enjoyed extraterritorial rights and operated under their own legal systems. These concessions became centers of European influence and played a crucial role in shaping China's modernization and urban development.

4. Political and Social Reforms

China's semi-dependent position also influenced its internal politics and social reforms. As China faced increasing pressure from European powers, it embarked on a series of reforms known as the Self-Strengthening Movement. These reforms aimed to modernize China's military, industry, and education system to better compete with the West.

However, these efforts were largely unsuccessful, as they were hindered by internal conflicts, corruption, and resistance from conservative elements within the Chinese government. The semi-dependent position of China limited its ability to fully implement reforms and regain control over its own affairs.

In conclusion, the semi-dependent position of China on Europeans during the 19th and early 20th centuries was characterized by unequal treaties, economic and political influence, extraterritoriality, and foreign concessions. These factors significantly weakened China's sovereignty and hindered its efforts to modernize and regain control over its own affairs.