Question

Даю 10 баллов. Очень срочно! Все вопросы в Спарте решал _________________________________. Их выбирали ________________________из числа спартанцев не моложе______лет. В него входили ____________, власть которых передавалась по наследству. Они были символами___________________, в военное время ____________________________________________. Образ жизни у царей был как у всех. Народное собрание созывали только при необходимости. Голосовали ______________________. Государственное устройство Спарты называлось_______________________-«власть немногих».

Answer 1

Ответ:

Все вопросы в Спарте решал Совет старейшин. Их выбирали на всю жизнь из числа спартанцев не моложе 60 лет. В него входили цари, власть которых передавалась по наследству. Они были символами государства, в военное время командовали войсками. Образ жизни у царей был как у всех. Народное собрание созывали только при необходимости. Голосовали криком: кто громче крикнул, тот и победил. Государственное устройство Спарты называлось олигархия - "власть немногих".

Answer 2

The Spartan Government and Society

In ancient Sparta, the government and society were structured in a unique way. The key features of the Spartan government and society are as follows:

1. The Spartan Government: The government in Sparta was an oligarchy, which means it was ruled by a small group of people. The major decisions and policies were made by a council of elders called the Gerousia, which consisted of 28 men over the age of 60, and two kings. The kings were hereditary rulers and belonged to two separate royal families.

2. The Role of the Kings: The kings in Sparta held significant power and authority. They were responsible for leading the Spartan army in times of war and had the final say in matters of state. However, their powers were limited by the Gerousia and the Ephors.

3. The Ephors: The Ephors were five elected officials who held great influence in Spartan society. They were chosen annually by the Spartan citizens and were responsible for overseeing the actions of the kings and the Gerousia. The Ephors had the power to veto decisions made by the kings and could even put them on trial.

4. The Assembly: The Spartan Assembly, known as the Apella, was made up of all Spartan male citizens who were at least 30 years old. The Assembly had the power to vote on important matters such as declaring war, making peace, and passing laws. However, the decisions made by the Assembly were heavily influenced by the Gerousia and the kings.

5. The Council of Elders: The Gerousia, as mentioned earlier, was the council of elders in Sparta. They were responsible for proposing laws and policies to the Assembly and acted as a sort of advisory body to the kings. The Gerousia also had the power to judge and punish citizens who violated Spartan laws.

6. The Spartan Society: Spartan society was highly militaristic and focused on producing strong and disciplined warriors. The Spartans believed in the importance of physical fitness, military training, and self-discipline. The society was divided into three main classes: Spartiates (full citizens), Perioikoi (free non-citizens), and Helots (state-owned slaves).

7. The Role of Spartiates: The Spartiates were the ruling class in Sparta. They were the descendants of the original Spartan warriors and held the highest social status. Spartiates were expected to serve in the military from a young age and were trained to be skilled warriors. They enjoyed certain privileges and had the right to participate in the political process.

8. The Perioikoi: The Perioikoi were free non-citizens who lived in the surrounding areas of Sparta. They were allowed to engage in trade and crafts but had limited political rights. The Perioikoi played an important role in the economy of Sparta.

9. The Helots: The Helots were state-owned slaves who worked the land and served the Spartiates. They were the largest social class in Sparta and were treated harshly. The fear of a Helot uprising influenced many aspects of Spartan society and government.

10. Decision-Making Process: In Sparta, important decisions were made collectively by the kings, the Gerousia, and the Assembly. While the kings had significant power, they were still subject to the approval of the Gerousia and the Ephors. The Assembly had the final say in matters that required a vote.

11. Voting Process: The exact details of the voting process in Sparta are not well-documented. However, it is believed that voting in the Assembly was done by a show of hands or by shouting. The majority opinion would determine the outcome of a vote.

12. Spartan Government System: The Spartan government system is often referred to as a "mixed government" or "oligarchy." This term reflects the combination of elements from monarchy (the kings), aristocracy (the Gerousia), and democracy (the Assembly).

In conclusion, the government and society in ancient Sparta were unique and distinct. The power was concentrated in the hands of a few, with the kings, the Gerousia, and the Ephors playing crucial roles in decision-making. The society was highly militaristic, and the Spartiates, who were full citizens, held the highest status. The Perioikoi and the Helots played important roles in the economy and labor force of Sparta, respectively.