Question

Успешные достижения Речи Посполитой

Answer 1

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Answer 2

В XVI в. стала расширяться тематика живописи. Художники обращаются к сюжетам и образам Ветхого завета, к легендарно- историческому жанру. 17 век. Живопись утрачивает свою целостность. Художники проявляют интерес к реальному, земному миру. Росписи того времени напоминают нарядные ковры. В них много реальных персонажей и бытовых подробностей. В отличие от древних икон, в них нет глубоких раздумий художника о добре и зле, о судьбах людей и смысле жизни.Искусство художественного оформления книги играло не меньшую роль, и было не менее оригинально, чем иконопись. Главные элементы художественного оформления книг- миниатюры, заставки и инициалы. Живописцы в основном создавали миниатюры, связанные с духовными, религиозными темами.

Answer 3

Successful Achievements of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, also known as the Polish-Lithuanian Union or the Republic of Both Nations, was a state that existed from 1569 to 1795. It was a multi-ethnic and multi-religious federation that encompassed the territories of present-day Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, and parts of Estonia, Moldova, and Russia.

1. Military Successes: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth achieved several military successes throughout its history. One notable achievement was the victory in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. The Polish-Lithuanian forces, led by King Jan III Sobieski, played a crucial role in repelling the Ottoman Empire's siege of Vienna, which marked a turning point in the Ottoman-Habsburg wars.

2. Cultural and Intellectual Contributions: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth made significant contributions to the fields of culture and intellectual thought. It was known as a center of Renaissance and Baroque culture, with flourishing art, literature, and music scenes. Prominent Polish-Lithuanian composers, such as Jan Zelenka and Karol Szymanowski, left a lasting impact on European classical music.

3. Religious Tolerance: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was known for its relatively high level of religious tolerance compared to other European states at the time. The Warsaw Confederation of 1573 granted religious freedom to various Christian denominations, including Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Orthodox Christians. This policy of religious tolerance attracted religious minorities from other parts of Europe, such as Jews, who found refuge in the Commonwealth.

4. Political System: The political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was characterized by a unique form of government known as the "Golden Liberty." This system provided significant rights and privileges to the nobility, including the right to elect the monarch. The nobility's participation in the political process contributed to a relatively decentralized and democratic governance structure for the time.

5. Contributions to European Diplomacy: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth played an active role in European diplomacy during its existence. It formed alliances and engaged in diplomatic negotiations with various European powers, including Sweden, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. The Commonwealth's diplomatic efforts aimed to maintain its independence and territorial integrity in the face of external threats and conflicts.

These are just a few examples of the successful achievements of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth's rich history and contributions continue to be studied and appreciated today.